TABLE DE MATIERES
I.
EPIGRAPHE...............................................................................................I
II.
DEDICACE...............................................................................................II
III.LISTE DE SIGLES ET
ABBREVIATIONS........................................................III
IV.REMERCIEMENTS....................................................................................IV
INTRODUCTION GENERALE
I
O. PROBLEMATIQUE
1
0.2 HYPOTHESES
3
0.3 APPROCHE OU METHODE
3
0.3.1 Technique de récolte des
données
4
a) La technique documentaire
4
b) La technique d'interview
4
0.3.2 Démarche
méthodologique
4
0.4. CHOIX ET INTERET DU SUJET
5
0.5. DELIMITATION DU SUJET
5
0.6. SUBDIVISION DU TRAVAIL
6
CHAP I. LA REVUE DE LA LITTERATURE
7
SECTION I. REVUE DE LA LITTERATURE
THEORIQUE
7
I.1 Le Contenu définitionnel
7
I.2 L'impact des taux d'intérêt de la
banque centrale sur l'inflation et croissance économique
9
SECTION II : REVUE DE LA LITTERATURE
EMPIRIQUE
14
II.1. Taux d'intérêt après la
politique de reforme monétaire - inflation
15
II.2. Taux d'intérêt directeurs -
croissance économique
17
SECTION III. LES MODELES DE VARIATION DU
TAUX D'INTERET DIRECTEURS SUR L'INFLATION ET CROISSANCE ECONOMIQUE
19
CHAP II. REFORMES MONETAIRES AU CONGO,
DEMARCHE METHODOLOGIQUE
20
SECTION I. LES REFORMES MONETAIRES AU
CONGO
20
I.1. Reforme monétaire de novembre 1963
20
a)Causes de cette reforme
20
b)Objectifs de cette reforme
21
c)Conséquences de la reforme
monétaire de Novembre 1963
21
I.2. Reforme monétaire de juin 1967
22
vObjectifs et conséquences de la reforme de
1967
22
vApogée et déclin de cette
reforme
23
I.3. Reforme monétaire du 12 Mars 1976
25
I.4. Reforme monétaire de Décembre
1979
25
I.5. Reforme monétaire de septembre 1983
26
I.6. Reforme monétaire d'octobre 1993
27
I.7. Reforme monétaire de juin 1998
29
A)Contexte du lancement du Franc Congolais
31
SECTION II. APPROCHE METHODOLOGIQUE
33
II.1. SPECIFICATION DU MODELE
33
II.1.1. Le modèle théorique
33
II.1.2. L'équation de l'inflation
33
II.1.3. Modèle de taux
d'intérêt- croissance
36
II.1.4. Description des données
38
II.2. PRESENTATION DES VARIABLES DU MODELE
38
II.2.1 Les variables expliquées
39
II.2.1.1 Le taux d'inflation (IPC)
39
II.1.1.2 LE PIB réel (PIBR)
42
II.1.2 Les variables explicatives
44
II.1.2.1 Investissement total (INVTOTR)
44
II.1.2.2 Taux de réescompte (Taux de prise
en pension) (IPS)
46
II.1.2.3 Taux en call money (IM)
47
II.1.3.4 Indice de Prix à l'importation.
(IPM)
48
II.3 METHODE D'ESTIMATION
50
II.3.1 Le Test de stationnarité
50
II.3.2 Le Test de co-intégration
51
CHAPIII ANALYSE DES RESULTATS &
RECOMMANDATIONS
52
SECTION I : PRESENTATION DES
RESULTATS
52
I.1 TEST DE RACINE UNITAIRE
52
I.2 LE TEST DE COINTEGRATION
53
I.3 ESTIMATION DES MODELES DE LONG
TERME
54
I.3.1 Modèle de Long Terme de la politique
monétaire sur l'inflation
55
I.3.2 Modèle à LT de la politique
monétaire sur la croissance
56
I.4. ESTIMATION DES MODELES A CT
56
SECTION II. INTERPRETATIONS DES
RESULTATS
57
II.1.INTERPRETATION DES MODELES A LONG TERME
57
II.1.1 L'équation de l'inflation
58
II.1.2 L'équation de la croissance
60
II.2 INTERPRETATION DU MODELE A COURT TERME
61
II.2.1 Equation de l'inflation
61
II.2.2 Equation de la croissance
62
SECTION III. RECOMMANDATION DES POLITIQUES
MONETAIRES
62
CONCLUSION GENERALE
65
BIBLIOGRAPHIE
68
TABLE DE MATIERES
71
ANNEXES
Annexe 1 : Séries utilisées dans
l'estimation
ANNEEES
|
PIBR
|
IM
|
INFL
|
INVTOTR
|
IPM
|
IPS
|
DUMMY
|
1983
|
151.5920
|
20.00000
|
102.0000
|
30.39000
|
472.1000
|
18.00000
|
0.00000
|
1984
|
102.4960
|
18.00000
|
60.00000
|
40.68000
|
514.0000
|
15.00000
|
0.00000
|
1985
|
93.41480
|
25.00000
|
37.80000
|
45.88000
|
540.0000
|
24.00000
|
0.00000
|
1986
|
100.3690
|
28.00000
|
28.76000
|
61.49000
|
544.4000
|
23.00000
|
0.00000
|
1987
|
92.51620
|
31.18000
|
80.76000
|
23.97000
|
722.4000
|
19.10000
|
0.00000
|
1988
|
106.5020
|
35.04000
|
105.5600
|
22.33000
|
765.2000
|
32.10000
|
0.00000
|
1989
|
109.8220
|
44.18000
|
68.38000
|
22.32000
|
867.9000
|
42.12000
|
0.00000
|
1990
|
121.8140
|
53.14000
|
256.9900
|
18.37000
|
100.0000
|
50.20000
|
0.00000
|
1991
|
129.2910
|
38.12000
|
3861.610
|
12.69000
|
73.10000
|
35.50000
|
0.00000
|
1992
|
130.4440
|
82.02000
|
2961.620
|
8.530000
|
48.70000
|
74.60000
|
0.00000
|
1993
|
196.7020
|
81.11000
|
5332.400
|
5.720000
|
40.40000
|
74.60000
|
1.00000
|
1994
|
111.2590
|
374.0000
|
9795.500
|
7.000000
|
46.90000
|
369.0000
|
1.00000
|
1995
|
107.1270
|
257.4100
|
382.3000
|
9.170000
|
57.90000
|
254.4000
|
1.00000
|
1996
|
110.6900
|
243.0000
|
693.0000
|
12.80000
|
56.10000
|
238.0000
|
1.00000
|
1997
|
123.7670
|
18.00000
|
14.00000
|
8.850000
|
50.50000
|
13.00000
|
0.00000
|
1998
|
128.4330
|
27.00000
|
135.0000
|
10.68000
|
37.90000
|
22.00000
|
0.00000
|
1999
|
101.7920
|
125.0000
|
485.0000
|
11.40000
|
33.50000
|
120.0000
|
0.00000
|
2000
|
100.0000
|
125.0000
|
511.0000
|
9.220000
|
38.00000
|
120.0000
|
0.00000
|
2001
|
115.6870
|
145.0000
|
135.0000
|
7.600000
|
33.70000
|
140.0000
|
0.00000
|
2002
|
127.0560
|
29.00000
|
20.28000
|
9.100000
|
113.4000
|
24.00000
|
0.00000
|
2003
|
123.0060
|
13.00000
|
9.970000
|
12.60000
|
44.10000
|
8.000000
|
0.00000
|
2004
|
69.00000
|
19.00000
|
31.74000
|
18.50000
|
42.10000
|
14.00000
|
0.00000
|
2005
|
65.00000
|
33.80000
|
21.00000
|
14.10000
|
40.90000
|
28.80000
|
0.00000
|
2006
|
70.00000
|
29.80000
|
8.000000
|
18.10000
|
42.00000
|
24.50000
|
0.00000
|
2007
|
70.00000
|
28.70000
|
6.000000
|
23.70000
|
47.00000
|
23.50000
|
0.00000
|
Annexe 2 : Résultats complets du test de
racine unitaire sur les variables du modèle
VARIABLES
|
Modèle avec constante et tendance
|
Modèle avec constante uniquement
|
Modèle sans constante ni tendance
|
CONCLUSION
|
ADF T - stat
|
Valeur
Critique à
1 %
|
Valeur
Critique à
5 %
|
ADF T- Stat
|
Valeur
critique à 1 %
|
Valeur
Critique à
5 %
|
ADF T - Stat
|
Valeur
Critique à 1 %
|
Valeur
Critique à
5 %
|
DIM
|
-2.198426
|
-4.4167
|
-3.6219
|
-2.306381
|
-3.7497
|
-2.9969
|
-1.536882
|
-2.6700
|
-1.9566
|
(I)
|
DINFL
|
-2.194712
|
-4.4167
|
-3.6219
|
-2.169202
|
-3.7497
|
-2.9969
|
-1.899078
|
-2.6700
|
-1.9566
|
(I)
|
DIPM
|
-1.993219
|
-4.4167
|
-3.6219
|
-1.546133
|
-3.7497
|
-2.9969
|
-1.617151
|
-2.6700
|
-1.9566
|
(I)
|
DPIBR
|
-2.119831
|
-4.4167
|
-3.6219
|
-1.754540
|
-3.7497
|
-2.9969
|
-0.565378
|
-2.6700
|
-1.9566
|
(I)
|
DIPS
|
-2.223110
|
-4.4167
|
-3.6219
|
-2.328543
|
-3.7497
|
-2.9969
|
-1.607474
|
-2.6700
|
-1.9566
|
(I)
|
DINVTOTR
|
-1.361680
|
-4.4167
|
-3.6219
|
-1.906217
|
-3.7497
|
-2.9969
|
-1.450517
|
-2.6700
|
-1.9566
|
(I)
|
Annexe 3 : Test de cointégration des
séries du 1e modèle
Date: 08/20/08 Time: 18:36
|
Sample: 1983 2007
|
Included observations: 23
|
Test assumption: Linear deterministic trend in the data
|
Series: INFL IM IPS PIBR IPM
|
Lags interval: 1 to 1
|
|
Likelihood
|
5 Percent
|
1 Percent
|
Hypothesized
|
Eigen value
|
Ratio
|
Critical Value
|
Critical Value
|
No. of CE(s)
|
0.904589
|
110.0353
|
87.31
|
96.58
|
None **
|
0.694583
|
55.99539
|
62.99
|
70.05
|
At most 1
|
0.448710
|
28.71559
|
42.44
|
48.45
|
At most 2
|
0.340837
|
15.01924
|
25.32
|
30.45
|
At most 3
|
0.210398
|
5.433207
|
12.25
|
16.26
|
At most 4
|
*(**) denotes rejection of the hypothesis at 5%(1%)
significance level
|
L.R. test indicates 1 cointegrating equation(s) at 5%
significance level
|
Unnormalized Cointegrating Coefficients:
|
INFL
|
IM
|
IPS
|
PIBR
|
IPM
|
0.000127
|
-0.146084
|
0.146294
|
0.027377
|
0.001351
|
-0.000237
|
0.036398
|
-0.031664
|
-0.058807
|
-0.000612
|
-0.000156
|
-0.047809
|
0.047303
|
-0.025675
|
-0.001749
|
-2.66E-05
|
-0.004117
|
0.006402
|
-0.094595
|
-0.000815
|
7.64E-05
|
0.001635
|
-0.002167
|
0.079768
|
-6.30E-05
|
Normalized Cointegrating Coefficients: 1 Cointegrating
Equation(s)
|
INFL
|
IM
|
IPS
|
PIBR
|
IPM
|
1.000000
|
-1147.156
|
1148.810
|
214.9855
|
10.61145
|
|
(181.375)
|
(183.396)
|
(59.0636)
|
(1.15241)
|
Log likelihood
|
-550.2900
|
|
|
|
Normalized Cointegrating Coefficients: 2 Cointegrating
Equation(s)
|
INFL
|
IM
|
IPS
|
PIBR
|
IPM
|
1.000000
|
0.000000
|
-23.26607
|
252.7036
|
1.336569
|
|
|
(3.80642)
|
(73.7811)
|
(1.42106)
|
0.000000
|
1.000000
|
-1.021723
|
0.032880
|
-0.008085
|
|
|
(0.00446)
|
(0.08646)
|
(0.00167)
|
Log likelihood
|
-536.6501
|
|
|
|
Normalized Cointegrating Coefficients: 3 Cointegrating
Equation(s)
|
INFL
|
IM
|
IPS
|
PIBR
|
IPM
|
1.000000
|
0.000000
|
0.000000
|
183.8894
|
10.00287
|
|
|
|
(111.719)
|
(1.62192)
|
0.000000
|
1.000000
|
0.000000
|
-2.989074
|
0.372493
|
|
|
|
(5.64214)
|
(0.08191)
|
0.000000
|
0.000000
|
1.000000
|
-2.957702
|
0.372486
|
|
|
|
(5.55986)
|
(0.08072)
|
Log likelihood
|
-529.8019
|
|
|
|
INFL
|
IM
|
IPS
|
PIBR
|
IPM
|
1.000000
|
0.000000
|
0.000000
|
0.000000
|
6.904751
|
|
|
|
|
(2.00062)
|
0.000000
|
1.000000
|
0.000000
|
0.000000
|
0.422852
|
|
|
|
|
(0.10265)
|
0.000000
|
0.000000
|
1.000000
|
0.000000
|
0.422317
|
|
|
|
|
(0.10121)
|
0.000000
|
0.000000
|
0.000000
|
1.000000
|
0.016848
|
|
|
|
|
(0.00660)
|
Log likelihood
|
-525.0089
|
|
|
|
Annexe 4 : Test de cointégration des
séries du 2e modèle
Date: 08/20/08 Time: 18:45
|
Sample: 1983 2007
|
Included observations: 23
|
Test assumption: Linear deterministic trend in the data
|
Series: INVTOTR IPS IM INFL PIBR
|
Lags interval: 1 to 1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Likelihood
|
5 Percent
|
1 Percent
|
Hypothesized
|
Eigen value
|
Ratio
|
Critical Value
|
Critical Value
|
No. of CE(s)
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.733956
|
71.67501
|
68.52
|
76.07
|
None *
|
0.572098
|
41.22090
|
47.21
|
54.46
|
At most 1
|
0.376304
|
21.69711
|
29.68
|
35.65
|
At most 2
|
0.305864
|
10.83899
|
15.41
|
20.04
|
At most 3
|
0.100731
|
2.441987
|
3.76
|
6.65
|
At most 4
|
|
|
|
|
|
*(**) denotes rejection of the hypothesis at 5%(1%)
significance level
|
L.R. test indicates 1 cointegrating equation(s) at 5%
significance level
|
|
|
|
|
|
Unnormalized Cointegrating Coefficients:
|
|
|
|
|
|
INVTOTR
|
IPS
|
IM
|
INFL
|
PIBR
|
0.005315
|
0.022421
|
-0.026826
|
0.000201
|
0.046478
|
-0.001676
|
0.170532
|
-0.171797
|
-2.13E-07
|
0.043176
|
-0.019544
|
-0.010044
|
0.009117
|
-0.000104
|
-0.061188
|
-0.006149
|
0.062191
|
-0.060383
|
5.70E-06
|
-0.067574
|
0.013243
|
-0.001726
|
0.001911
|
-3.12E-05
|
-0.016148
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Normalized Cointegrating Coefficients: 1 Cointegrating
Equation(s)
|
|
|
|
|
|
INVTOTR
|
IPS
|
IM
|
INFL
|
PIBR
|
1.000000
|
4.218414
|
-5.047215
|
0.037817
|
8.744734
|
|
(5.16779)
|
(5.46802)
|
(0.02042)
|
(4.28986)
|
|
|
|
|
|
Log likelihood
|
-487.8747
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Normalized Cointegrating Coefficients: 2 Cointegrating
Equation(s)
|
|
|
|
|
|
INVTOTR
|
IPS
|
IM
|
INFL
|
PIBR
|
1.000000
|
0.000000
|
-0.765747
|
0.036316
|
7.371035
|
|
|
(0.44238)
|
(0.01897)
|
(3.42659)
|
0.000000
|
1.000000
|
-1.014947
|
0.000356
|
0.325643
|
|
|
(0.01992)
|
(0.00085)
|
(0.15434)
|
|
|
|
|
|
Log likelihood
|
-478.1128
|
|
|
|
Normalized Cointegrating Coefficients: 3 Cointegrating
Equation(s)
|
INVTOTR
|
IPS
|
IM
|
INFL
|
PIBR
|
1.000000
|
0.000000
|
0.000000
|
0.007229
|
3.259392
|
|
|
|
(0.00231)
|
(1.01436)
|
0.000000
|
1.000000
|
0.000000
|
-0.038197
|
-5.124067
|
|
|
|
(0.00593)
|
(2.60781)
|
0.000000
|
0.000000
|
1.000000
|
-0.037985
|
-5.369453
|
|
|
|
(0.00585)
|
(2.57179)
|
Log likelihood
|
-472.6837
|
|
|
|
Normalized Cointegrating Coefficients: 4 Cointegrating
Equation(s)
|
INVTOTR
|
IPS
|
IM
|
INFL
|
PIBR
|
1.000000
|
0.000000
|
0.000000
|
0.000000
|
6.166134
|
|
|
|
|
(2.21928)
|
0.000000
|
1.000000
|
0.000000
|
0.000000
|
-20.48265
|
|
|
|
|
(10.2625)
|
0.000000
|
0.000000
|
1.000000
|
0.000000
|
-20.64279
|
|
|
|
|
(10.2217)
|
0.000000
|
0.000000
|
0.000000
|
1.000000
|
-402.0837
|
|
|
|
|
(268.439)
|
|
|
|
|
|
Log likelihood
|
-468.4852
|
|
|
|
Annexe 5 : Estimation des
modèles
1. Modèle de long terme : l'inflation
Dependent Variable: LINFL
|
Method: Least Squares
|
Date: 08/21/08 Time: 19:03
|
Sample: 1983 2007
|
Included observations: 25
|
|
|
|
|
|
Variable
|
Coefficient
|
Std. Error
|
t-Statistic
|
Prob.
|
C
|
2.508660
|
1.854467
|
1.352766
|
0.1912
|
LIM
|
1.070897
|
0.320333
|
3.343079
|
0.0032
|
DUMMY1
|
2.117906
|
0.693583
|
3.053572
|
0.0063
|
LPIBR
|
-0.925215
|
0.342362
|
-2.702445
|
0.0137
|
LIPM
|
-0.252738
|
0.254824
|
-0.991814
|
0.3331
|
|
|
|
|
|
R-squared
|
0.787936
|
Mean dependent var
|
4.863957
|
Adjusted R-squared
|
0.74553
|
S.D. dependent var
|
2.086505
|
S.E. of regression
|
1.052552
|
Akaike info criterion
|
3.117169
|
Sum squared resid
|
22.15732
|
Schwarz criterion
|
3.360944
|
Log likelihood
|
-33.96461
|
F-statistic
|
18.57779
|
Durbin-Watson stat
|
1.324104
|
Prob (F-statistic)
|
0.000002
|
2. Modèle de long terme : croissance
Dependent Variable: LPIBR
|
Method: Least Squares
|
Date: 08/21/08 Time: 19:49
|
Sample: 1983 2007
|
Included observations: 25
|
Variable
|
Coefficient
|
Std. Error
|
t-Statistic
|
Prob.
|
C
|
2.758760
|
1.294975
|
2.130358
|
0.0457
|
DUMMY1
|
0.235217
|
0.540390
|
0.435273
|
0.6680
|
LIM
|
-0.546434
|
0.227018
|
-2.407004
|
0.0259
|
LINFL
|
-0.384854
|
0.122372
|
-3.144947
|
0.0051
|
LOG(INVTOTR)
|
0.674609
|
0.278373
|
2.423402
|
0.0250
|
R-squared
|
0.496458
|
Mean dependent var
|
1.216455
|
Adjusted R-squared
|
0.395749
|
S.D. dependent var
|
0.879998
|
S.E. of regression
|
0.684054
|
Akaike info criterion
|
2.255296
|
Sum squared resid
|
9.358595
|
Schwarz criterion
|
2.499071
|
Log likelihood
|
-23.19120
|
F-statistic
|
4.929651
|
Durbin-Watson stat
|
1.414777
|
Prob(F-statistic)
|
0.006251
|
Annexe 6 : Estimation du modèle à
Court terme de l'inflation
1. modèle de l'inflation
Dependent Variable: D(LINFL)
|
Method: Least Squares
|
Date: 08/21/08 Time: 19:26
|
Sample (adjusted): 1984 2007
|
Included observations: 24 after adjusting endpoints
|
Variable
|
Coefficient
|
Std. Error
|
t-Statistic
|
Prob.
|
C
|
-0.140047
|
0.195122
|
-0.717742
|
0.4821
|
ERRORS (-1)
|
-0.599940
|
0.261814
|
-2.291473
|
0.0342
|
D (LIM)
|
1.053861
|
0.308159
|
3.419857
|
0.0031
|
D (LPIBR)
|
-0.185108
|
0.382201
|
-0.484320
|
0.6340
|
D (LIPM)
|
-0.593023
|
0.348474
|
-1.701770
|
0.1060
|
D (DUMMY1)
|
2.378474
|
0.714569
|
3.328543
|
0.0037
|
R-squared
|
0.709506
|
Mean dependent var
|
-0.118051
|
Adjusted R-squared
|
0.628814
|
S.D. dependent var
|
1.513877
|
S.E. of regression
|
0.922331
|
Akaike info criterion
|
2.888492
|
Sum squared resid
|
15.31250
|
Schwarz criterion
|
3.183006
|
Log likelihood
|
-28.66191
|
F-statistic
|
8.792695
|
Durbin-Watson stat
|
1.524647
|
Prob(F-statistic)
|
0.000231
|
2. modèle de croissance
Dependent Variable: D(LPIBR)
|
Method: Least Squares
|
Date: 08/21/08 Time: 20:20
|
Sample(adjusted): 1984 2007
|
Included observations: 24 after adjusting endpoints
|
White Heteroskedasticity-Consistent Standard Errors &
Covariance
|
|
|
|
|
|
Variable
|
Coefficient
|
Std. Error
|
t-Statistic
|
Prob.
|
|
|
|
|
|
ERREURS(-1)
|
-0.548039
|
0.261343
|
-2.097012
|
0.0496
|
D(LIM)
|
0.277960
|
0.221890
|
1.252692
|
0.2255
|
C
|
0.063010
|
0.093988
|
0.670408
|
0.5107
|
D(LINVTOTR)
|
0.404840
|
0.211670
|
1.912597
|
0.0710
|
D(DUMMY1)
|
-0.602136
|
0.509940
|
-1.180798
|
0.2523
|
|
|
|
|
|
R-squared
|
0.433869
|
Mean dependent var
|
0.067060
|
Adjusted R-squared
|
0.314683
|
S.D. dependent var
|
0.571206
|
S.E. of regression
|
0.472866
|
Akaike info criterion
|
1.523043
|
Sum squared resid
|
4.248446
|
Schwarz criterion
|
1.768471
|
Log likelihood
|
-13.27652
|
F-statistic
|
3.640282
|
Durbin-Watson stat
|
2.285722
|
Prob(F-statistic)
|
0.023021
|
|
|
|
|
|
Annexe 7 Matrixe d'auto corrélation
|
LIM
|
LINFL
|
LIPM
|
LIPS
|
LPIBR
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
LIM
|
1.000000
|
0.710894
|
-0.368743
|
0.995283
|
0.265658
|
LINFL
|
0.710894
|
1.000000
|
-0.206725
|
0.719873
|
-0.171643
|
LIPM
|
-0.368743
|
-0.206725
|
1.000000
|
-0.343364
|
-0.640379
|
LIPS
|
0.995283
|
0.719873
|
-0.343364
|
1.000000
|
0.229463
|
LPIBR
|
0.265658
|
-0.171643
|
-0.640379
|
0.229463
|
1.000000
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|