Evaluation of the hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and anti alpha amylase effects of extracts of the twigs and fruits of ficus ovata vahl (moraceae)

TABLE OF CONTENT

DEDICATION i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS iv

ABREVIATION iii

LIST OF FIGURES viii

LIST OF TABLES ix

ABSTRACT x

RESUME xi

GENERAL INTRODUCTION 11

PROBLEMATIC AND HYPOTHESIS 2

OBJECTIVES 3

CHAPTER I. LITERATURE REVIEW 4

I.1.Generalities on diabetes mellitus 4

I.1.1. Glucose metabolism 4

I.1.2. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus 5

I.1.3. Definition, classification of diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose regulation 6

I.1.4. Signs and symptoms 6

I.1.5. Diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus 7

I.1.6. Aetiological of disorders of glycemia 7

I.1.7. Complications of diabetes mellitus 10

I.1.8. Diabetes mellitus in special groups and circumstances 10

I.1.9. Prevention and Management of type 2 diabetes mellitus 13

I.1.10. Experimental diabetes 19

I.1.11. Metabolism of fructose, glucose and type 2 diabetes mellitus 20

I.2. Botanical review of experimental plant: Ficus ovata 22

I.2.1. Botanical Aspect of Moraceae 22

I.2.2. Botanical Aspect of the genus Ficus 22

I.2.3. Botanical Aspect of Ficus ovata 22

I.2.4. Uses of some Ficus in traditional pharmacopoeia to treat diabetes 23

I.2.5. Uses of Ficus ovata in traditional pharmacopoeia 24

I.2.6. Previous work on biological activities of some Ficus 24

CHAPTER II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 26

II.1. Collection and identification of plant materials 26

II.2. In vitro study 27

II.2.1. Phytochemical screening of the extracts 27

II.2.2. Determination of the antioxidant potential of the plant extracts 28

II.2.3.The anti-á-amylase effect of Ficus ovata extracts 29

II.3. In vivo study 31

II.3.1. Experimental animals 31

II.3.2. Evaluation of the acute toxicity effect of hydroethanolic extracts 32

II.3.4. Effect of extracts on glycemia 32

II.3.5. Evaluation of the modulation effects of hydroethanolic fruits and twigs on some biomarkers of diabetes type 2 on rat subjected to high fructose-high cholesterol diet 34

II.5. Biochemical experimentation 35

II.5.1. Determination of plasmatic lipid profile 35

II.5.2. Determination of Markers of hepatic and renal toxicity 37

II.5.3. Determination of Nitric Oxide level 39

II.6. Statistical analysis 40

CHAPTER III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 41

III.1.Results 41

III.1.1. Yield of extraction and phytochemical screening 41

III.1.2. Result of the antioxidant potential of our plant extracts 42

III.1.3. The effect of extracts on starch digestion in vitro. 43

III.1.4. Acute toxicity study of the hydroethanolic fruits and twigs extracts 43

III.1.5. The effect of extracts on glycemia 45

III.1.6. Modulatory effects of extracts on some biomarkers of type 2 diabetes 46

REFERENCES 55

APPENDIX 63

ABREVIATION

4-AP: 4-aminophenazone

ACAT: Acyl Co-Enzyme A Cholesterol Acyl Transferase

ADA: American Diabetes Association

ADP: Adenosine -5-Diphosphate

AGE: Advanced Glycation End Products

ALAT: Alanine aminotransferase

ANOVA: Analysis Of Variance

anti-GAD: Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase

ASAT: Aspartate aminitransferase

ATP: Adenosine -5-Triphosphate

BGT: Blood Glucose Test

BMI: Body Mass Index

BW: Body Weight

CDA: Canadian Diabetes Association

CHD: Coronary Heart Disease

CVD: Cardio Vascular Disease

DAP: Dehydroxyacetone Phosphate

EDTA: Ethydyl Diamine Tetracetate

FOEF: Ficus Ovata Ethanolic Fruits;

FOET: Ficus Ovata Ethanolic Twigs;

FOHF: Ficus Ovata Hydroethanolic Fruits

FOHT: Ficus Ovata Hydroethanolic Twigs

G3P: Glycerol-3-Phosphate

GK: Glycerol Kinase

GOT: Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase

GPO: Glycerol Phosphate Dehydrogenase

GPT: Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase

HDLC: High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol

HFCS: High Fructose Corn Syrup

IDL: Intermediate Density Lipoprotein

IFG: Impaired Fasting Glucose

IGT: Impaired Glucose Tolerance

IR: Insulin Receptor

LD: Lethal Dose

LDH: Lactate Dehydrogenase

LDLc: Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol

LDLR: Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor

LPL: Lipoprotein Lipase

MDH: Malate Dehydrogenase

NADH: Nicotinamide Dinucleotide Reduced Hydrogen.

NED: N-1-Naphtylethylene Dichloride Diamine

NEFA: Non Esterified Fatty Acid

NO: Nitric Oxide

OD: Optical Density

OGTT: Oral Glucose Tolerance Test

PKC: Phosphokinase C

POD: Peroxidise

SPSS: Statistical Package for Social Sciences

STZ: Streptozotocin

TC: Total Cholesterol

TG: Triglycerides

TZD: Thiazolidine

VLDLR: Very Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor

WHO: World Health Organization

WR: Working Reagent