Evaluation of the hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and anti alpha amylase effects of extracts of the twigs and fruits of ficus ovata vahl (moraceae)

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• DEDICATION
  
• ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
  
• TABLE OF CONTENT
  
• ABREVIATION
  
• LIST OF FIGURES
  
• LIST OF TABLES
  
• ABSTRACT
  
• RESUME
  
• GENERAL INTRODUCTION
  
• INTRODUCTION
  
  • PROBLEMATIC AND HYPOTHESIS
    
    • Formulation of problem
      
      • Study interest
        
      • Hypothesis
        
  • OBJECTIVES
    
    • General objective
      
    • Specific objectives
      
• CHAPTER I. LITERATURE REVIEW
  
  • I.1.Generalities on diabetes mellitus
    
  • I.1.1. Glucose metabolism
    
  • I.1.1.1. Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates
    
  • I.1.1.2. Role of the pancreas in glucose metabolism
    
  • I.1.1.3. Metabolic actions of insulin
    
  • I.1.2. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus
    
  • I.1.3. Definition, classification of diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose regulation
    
  • I.1.4. Signs and symptoms
    
  • I.1.5. Diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus
    
  • I.1.6. Etiological of disorders of glycemia
    
  • I.1.6.1. Type 1 diabetes
    
  • I.1.6.2. Type 2 diabetes mellitus
    
  • I.1.6.3. Other specific types
    
  • I.1.7. Complications of diabetes mellitus
    
  • I.1.8. Diabetes mellitus in special groups and circumstances
    
  • I.1.8.1. Metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus
    
  • I.1.8.2. Hyperlipidemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus
    
  • I.1.8.3. Oxidative stress, endothelia dysfunction and diabetes
    
  • I.1.9. Prevention and Management of type 2 diabetes mellitus
    
  • I.1.9.1. Strategies for treatment and control of diabetes
    
  • I.1.9.2. Mechanism of action of conventional oral hypoglycemic drugs
    
  • I.1.9.2 Medicinal plants and herbs for diabetes
    
  • I.1.9.3. Bioactive ingredients (principles) of antidiabetic medicinal plants
    
  • I.1.9.4. Mechanism of action of antidiabetic medicinal plants and their components
    
  • I.1.9.5. Investigation of some mechanism of action of antidiabetic plant extracts
    
  • I.1.9.6 Extraction of plant material
    
  • I.1.10. Experimental diabetes
    
  • I.1.10.1. Chemical induction model
    
  • I.1.10.2. Diet induction model
    
  • I.1.11. Metabolism of fructose, glucose and type 2 diabetes mellitus
    
  • I.2. Botanical review of experimental plant: Ficus ovata
    
  • I.2.1. Botanical Aspect of Moraceae
    
  • I.2.2. Botanical Aspect of the genus Ficus
    
  • I.2.3. Botanical Aspect of Ficus ovata
    
  • I.2.4. Uses of some Ficus in traditional pharmacopoeia to treat diabetes
    
  • I.2.5. Uses of Ficus ovata in traditional pharmacopoeia
    
  • I.2.6. Previous work on biological activities of some Ficus
    
• CHAPTER II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
  
• II.1. Collection and identification of plant materials
  
• II.2. In vitro study
  
• II.2.1. Phytochemical screening of the extracts
  
• II.2.2. Determination of the antioxidant potential of the plant extracts
  
• II.2.2.1. Determination of polyphenol content using Folin ciocalteu method
  
• II.2.2.2. DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrihydrazyl) antiradical activity
  
• II.2.3.The anti-á-amylase effect of Ficus ovata extracts
  
• II.3. In vivo study
  
• II.3.1. Experimental animals
  
• II.3.2. Evaluation of the acute toxicity effect of hydroethanolic extracts
  
• II.3.4. Effect of extracts on glycemia
  
• II.3.4.1. Evaluation of hypoglycemic activity in hyperglycemic rats
  
• II.3.4.2. Evaluation of the antihyperglycemic activity in normoglycemic rats
  
• II.3.5. Evaluation of the modulation effects of hydroethanolic fruits and twigs on some biomarkers of diabetes type 2 on rat subjected to high fructose-high cholesterol diet
  
• II.5. Biochemical experimentation
  
• II.5.1. Determination of plasmatic lipid profile
  
• II.5.1.1. Quantitative determination of cholesterol (chronolab kits).
  
• II.5.1.2- Quantitative determination of Triglycerides (chronolab kits).
  
• II.5.1.3- Quantitative determination of HDL Cholesterol (chronolab kits)
  
• II.5.1.4- Quantitative determination of VLDL and LDL Cholesterol
  
• II.5.2. Determination of Markers of hepatic and renal toxicity
  
• II.5.2.1. Determination of total protein (Biuret method)
  
• II.5.2.2. Determination of creatinine level (chronolab kits)
  
• II.5.2.3. Determination of transaminase activities (aspartate aminotransferase ASAT and alanine aminotransferase ALAT). (chronolab kits)
  
• II.5.3. Determination of Nitric Oxide level
  
• II.6. Statistical analysis
  
• CHAPTER III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
  
• III.1.Results
  
• III.1.1. Yield of extraction and phytochemical screening
  
• III.1.2. Result of the antioxidant potential of our plant extracts
  
• III.1.2.1. Polyphenol content of our extracts
  
• III.1.2.2. DPPH (1, 1-Diphenyl-2-Picrilhydrazyl) antiradical activity of extracts
  
• III.1.3. The effect of extracts on starch digestion in vitro.
  
• III.1.4. Acute toxicity study of the hydroethanolic fruits and twigs extracts
  
• III.1.4.1. Effect of extracts on the behaviour of experimental animals
  
• III.1.4.2. Effect of extracts on the variation of body weight
  
• III.1.4.3. Effect of extracts on transaminases activities and creatinine
  
• III.1.5. The effect of extracts on glycemia
  
• III.1.5.1 Hypoglycemic effect of extracts on hyperglycemic rats
  
• III.1.5.2. Antihyperglycemia effects of extracts on normal rats
  
• III.1.6. Modulatory effects of extracts on some biomarkers of type 2 diabetes
  
• III.1.6.1. Effect of extracts on the body weight of experimental rats
  
• III.1.6.2.Effect of extracts on fasting blood glucose after experimentation
  
• III.1.6.3. Effect of extracts on markers of lipid profil after experimentation
  
• III.1.6.4. Effect of extracts on the activity of transaminases (ASAT, ALAT), creatinine and total protein levels
  
• III.1.6.7. Effect of extracts on nitric oxide level
  
• III.2.Discussion
  
• CONCLUSION
  
• PESPECTIVES
  
• REFERENCES
  
• APPENDIX
  
  • APPENDIX 1: Composition of polyvitamin and amino acids in hydrosoluble powder
    
  • APPENDIX 2: Reagents for the determination of total cholesterol
    
  • APPENDIX 3: Reagents for the determination of Triglycerides
    
  • APPENDIX 4: Reagents for the determination of HDL cholesterol
    
  • APPENDIX 5: Reagents for the determination of Total protein
    
  • APPENDIX 6: Reagents for the determination of creatinine
    
  • APPENDIX 7: Reagents for the determination of AST and ALT respectively
    
  • Appendix 8: standard curve of catechine