Health risk assessment associated with the reuse of compost, urine and greywater in agricultural field in sahelian climate.

• Dedication
  
• Acknowledgements
  
• Abstract
  
• Résumé
  
• Abbreviations
  
• List of tables
  
• List of figures
  
• Introduction
  
• II. LITERATURE REVIEW
  
  • 1. Generalities on health risk assessment
    
  • 1.1. Health risk assessment
    
  • 1.2. Steps of health risk assessment
    
  • 1.3. Microbial risk assessment
    
  • 2. Health risk assessment for farmers
    
  • 2.1. Spreading compost
    
  • 2.2. Spreading urine
    
  • 2.3. Watering greywater
    
  • 3. Health risk assessment forconsumers
    
• III. MATERIAL AND METHODS
  
  • 1. Experimental site
    
  • 2. Sampling and data collection
    
  • 2.1. Initial statement of the experimental site
    
  • 2.2. Microbiological analysis of matrix (soil, compost, urine, and greywater)
    
  • 2.2.1. Enumeration of bacteria in soil and compost
    
  • 2.2.2. Enumeration of bacteria in urine
    
  • 2.2.3. Enumeration of bacteria in greywater
    
  • 2.2.4. Enumeration of Salmonella
    
  • 2.2.5. Enumeration of helminth eggs in soil and compost
    
  • 2.3. Following up indicators of pathogen on lettuce leave
    
  • 3. Quantitative Microbial Risk Analysis (QMRA) methods
    
  • 3.1. Hazard identification
    
  • 3.2. Exposure assessment
    
  • 3.2.1. For farmers
    
  • 3.2.2. From consumers
    
  • 3.3. Dose-response assessment
    
  • 3.4. Risk characterization
    
• IV.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
  
  • 1. Results
    
  • 1.1. Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment from different treatments
    
  • 1.1.1. From compost and top water (C+TW) treatment
    
  • 1.1.2. For urine and top water (U+TW) treatment
    
  • 1.1.3. From greywater only (GW) treatment
    
  • 1.1.4. For compost, urine, ant greywater (C+U+GW) treatment
    
  • 1.2. Comparison of the probabilistic values of different treatments related with the scenarios
    
  • 1.2.1. For soil ingestion scenario
    
  • 1.2.2. Ingestion of irrigated greywater
    
    • Probabilistic values of Greywater and Compost, Urine and Greywater treatments compared with the WHO guideline values of the risk are showed by figure 10 below.
      
  • 1.2.3. Lettuce consumption
    
  • 2. Discussion
    
  • 2.1. Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment from each treatment.
    
  • 2.1.1. For compost and top water treatment (C+TW)
    
  • 2.1.2. For urine and top water (U+TW) treatment
    
  • 2.1.3. For greywater only (GW) treatment
    
  • 2.1.4. For compost, urine, and greywater (C+U+GW) treatment
    
  • 2.2. Comparison of the probabilistic values of different treatments related with the scenarios
    
  • 2.2.1. Risk assessment from farmers
    
  • 2.2.2. Risk assessment from consumers
    
• Conclusion and perspectives
  
• IV. References
  
• Annex