Zinc and Chromium removal mechanisms from industrial wastewater by using water hyacinth, eicchonia crassipes

• Table of Contents
  
• Abstract
  
• 1 INTRODUCTION
  
  • 1.1 Background
    
  • 1.2 Problem description
    
  • 1.3 Objectives
    
  • 1.4 Research questions
    
  • 1.5 Hypotheses
    
  • 1.6 Scope of the research
    
  • 1.7 Report outline
    
• 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
  
  • 2.1 Overview on use of macrophytes in metal removal
    
  • 2.2 Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipens (Mart.) Solms.
    
  • 2.2.1 Systematic position
    
  • 2.2.2 Ecological factors
    
  • 2.2.3 Potentials and constraints in using of water hyacinth
    
  • 2.4 Wastewater
    
  • 2.5 Foliar absorption
    
  • 2.6 Translocation of metals within plants
    
  • 2.7 Uptake
    
• 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS
  
  • 3.1 Water Hyacinth sampling site description
    
  • 3.2 Methods
    
  • 3.3 Sample Analyses
    
• 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
  
  • 4.1 Variations on plant relative growth
    
  • 4.1.1 Relative growth of water hyacinth plants
    
  • 4.1.2 Discussions on relative growth of water hyacinths
    
  • 4.2 pH effects and metal concentrations remained in controls (blanks) 4.2.1 pH effects in blank samples
    
  • 4.3.3 Chromium conc. remaining in water after 4 weeks of experiment.
    
  • 4.4.2 Bioconcentration Factor for chromium
    
  • 4.5 Bioaccumulation
    
  • 4.5.1 Adsorption of Zinc by water hyacinth plants
    
  • 4.5.2 Total adsorption of zinc
    
  • 4.5.3 Adsorption of chromium by water hyacinth plants
    
  • 4.5.4 Discussions on adsorption mechanism
    
  • 4.6 Uptake mechanism
    
  • 4.6 1 Uptake mechanism for zinc
    
  • 4.6.2 Uptake mechanism for chromium
    
  • 4.6.3 Discussions on uptake mechanism
    
  • 4.7 Translocation Ability (TA)
    
• 5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
  
  • 5.1 Conclusions
    
  • 5.2 Recommendations
    
• References
  
• Appendices
  
  • Appendix XII: Raw data from lab experiments
    
  • Appendix XV: Synthetic wastewater and Nutrient solutions