Zinc and Chromium removal mechanisms from industrial wastewater by using water hyacinth, eicchonia crassipes

Appendices

Appendix I: Initial fresh weight and final fresh weight vs relative growth

Exposure time	Initial water	Final water	Relative growth
(week) with Zn & Cr	hyacinth fresh	hyacinth fresh
concentrations	weight (g)	weight (g)
1 wk, 1 mg/L	32.33	96.91	3.00
1 wk, 3 mg/L	34.50	85.23	2.47
1 wk, 6 mg/L	26.38	50.07	1.90
2 wks, 1 mg/L	19.23	39.96	2.08
2 wks, 3 mg/L	29.75	55.92	1.88
2 wks, 6 mg/L	42.90	80.18	1.87
4 wks, 1 mg/L	41.15	90.17	2.19
4 wks, 3 mg/L	43.21	93.05	2.15
4 wks, 6 mg/L	45.09	96.16	2.13

Appendix II: pH, zinc and chromium concentrations remaining in blank samples during 4 weeks of experiment

Time (hr)	pH	Blank,1mg/L Zn2+ Cr6+		Blank, 3mg/L pH Zn2+		Cr6+	pH	Blank, 6mg/L Zn2+ Cr6+
start	6.70	1.000	1.000	6.70	3.000	3.000	6.70	6.000	6.000
1 hr	7.07	0.062	0.006	7.04	0.068	0.080	7.11	0.070	0.118
3 hr	7.24	0.062	0.084	7.16	0.158	0.107	7.20	0.058	0.081
6 hr	7.23	0.050	0.108	7.17	0.022	0.090	7.21	0.019	0.077
10 hr	7.29	0.032	0.074	7.23	0.065	0.039	7.29	0.018	0.029
15 hr	7.45	0.008	0.000	7.35	0.000	0.000	7.46	0.030	0.000
21 hr	7.49	0.000	0.000	7.43	0.000	0.000	7.50	0.024	0.000
33 hr	7.82	0.021	0.000	7.68	0.007	0.000	7.82	0.000	0.000
57 hr	7.90	0.004	0.000	7.72	0.040	0.000	7.89	0.000	0.000
105 hr	7.64	0.016	0.000	7.86	0.000	0.000	7.65	0.004	0.000
177 hr	8.03	0.014	0.000	7.93	0.006	0.000	7.72	0.024	0.000
273 hr	6.6	0.005	0.012	7.37	0.015	0.079	7.60	0.032	0.021
393 hr	8.01	0.023	0.000	8.14	0.008	0.000	7.75	0.011	0.000
537 hr	7.12	0.000	0.016	7.73	0.000	0.061	7.25	0.000	0.001
705 hr	8.61	0.000	0.012	8.37	0.000	0.000	7.5	0.000	0.000
total		0.297	0.312		0.389	0.456		0.290	0.327

Appendix III: Variations in pH, zinc and chromium concentrations after 4 weeks of experiment with water hyacinth plants.

Time (h)

1 mg/L

Initial concentrations

3 mg/L

6 mg/L

pH Zn2+ Cr6+

pH Zn2+ Cr6+

pH Zn2+ Cr6+

start

6,70 1.000 1.000

6,70 3.000 3.000

6,70 6.000 6.000

1 hr

6,90 0,022 0,087

7,01 0,176 0,112

6,96 0,084 0,085

3 hr

7,07 0,012 0,115

7,13 0,062 0,080

7,09 0,023 0,098

6 hr

7,13 0,015 0,076

7,17 0,002 0,088

7,11 0,071 0,083

10 hr

7,23 0,002 0,001

7,42 0,000 0,000

7,34 0,014 0,000

15 hr

7,33 0,005 0,000

7,55 0,006 0,000

7,45 0,034 0,000

21 hr

7,46 0,024 0,000

7,61 0,013 0,000

7,52 0,000 0,000

33 hr

7,49 0,000 0,093

7,51 0,000 0,000

7,34 0,000 0,000

57 hr

7,48 0,000 0,000

7,53 0,000 0,000

7,34 0,004 0,000

105 hr

7,57 0,000 0,000

7,75 0,000 0,000

7,51 0,000 0,000

177 hr

7,19 0,003 0,000

7,58 0,001 0,000

6,97 0,004 0,007

273 hr

6,15 0,000 0,006

7,58 0,000 0,000

6,88 0,000 0,000

393 hr

6,61 0,009 0,000

7,6 0,000 0,000

5,67 0,006 0,007

537 hr

5,31 0,000 0,049

7,35 0,000 0,000

4,47 0,004 0,053

705 hr

4,93 0,000 0,000

7,27 0,000 0,000

4,43 0,000 0,000

total

0,092 0,427

0,26 0,28

0,244 0,333

Appendix IV: Adsorption variability of zinc during experimental period.

		Zn^2+, 1 week		Zn^2+, 2 weeks			Zn^2+, 4 weeks
Time for desorption	1 mg/L	3mg/L	6 mg/L	1 mg/L 3 mg/L		6mg/L	1 mg/L 3 mg/L		6 mg/L
5 min	0.036	0.026	0.016	0.046	0.051	0.079	0.110	0.134	0.018
10 min	0.023	0.034	0.006	0.021	0.156	0.049	0.203	0.083	0.038
15 min	0.011	0.026	0.005	0.024	0.051	0.059	0.055	0.077	0.029
20 min	0.017	0.020	0.004	0.045	0.020	0.053	0.046	0.077	0.012
25 min	0.016	0.014	0.007	0.027	0.038	0.064	0.068	0.034	0.049
30 min	0.014	0.019	0.014	0.015	0.030	0.030	0.026	0.049	0.024
35 min	0.020	0.012	0.005	0.017	0.039	0.034	0.032	0.034	0.014
40 min	0.029	0.011	0.006	0.016	0.130	0.017	0.042	0.039	0.014
45 min	0.010	0.020	0.004	0.008	0.110	0.099	0.030	0.038	0.019
Total	0.176	0.182	0.067	0.219	0.625	0.484	0.612	0.565	0.217

Zinc and chromium removal mechanisms from industrial wastewater by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) (Mart.) Solms-
Laubach

Appendix V: Adsorption variability of chromium during experimental period

Time	1mg/L	3 mg/L	6 mg/L
5 min	0.035	0.147	0.403
10 min	0.035	0.152	0.208
15 min	0.035	0.138	0.156
20 min	0.018	0.105	0.115
25 min	0.034	0.171	0.153
30 min	0.016	0.105	0.147
35 min	0.034	0.123	0.210
40 min	0.033	0.082	0.135
45 min	0.034	0.080	0.130
total	0.274	1.103	1.657

Appendix VI: Variation of uptake mechanism of zinc.

Time	I.C.^a	Roots	Petioles	Leaves	Total
	1mg/L	0.117^b	0.306^b	0.105^b	0.528^b
1 week	3mg/L	0.093^b	0.364^b	0.127^b	0.584^b
	6mg/L	0.080^b	0.487^b	0.209^b	0.776^b
	Total	0.290^b	1.157^b	0.441^b
	1mg/L	0.065^b	0.218^b	0.141^b	0.424^b
2 weeks	3mg/L	0.066^b	0.136^b	0.117^b	0.319^b
	6mg/L	0.145^b	0.330^b	0.146^b	0.621^b
	Total	0.276^b	0.684^b	0.404^b
	1mg/L	0.035^b	0.205^b	0.145^b	0.385^b
4 weeks	3mg/L	0.128^b	0.251^b	0.123^b	0.502^b
	6mg/L	0.042^b	0.386^b	0.165^b	0.593^b
	Total	0.205^b	0.842^b	0.433^b

a: I.C.: Initial Concentration in water samples; b: dry weight in mg/kg

Appendix VII: variation of uptake mechanism of chromium

I.C^a	1 mg/L	3 mg/L	6 mg/L	total
roots	0.550^b	1.531^b	3.436^b	5.517^b
petioles	0.134^b	0.418^b	0.503^b	1.055^b
leaves	0.104^b	0.236^b	0.576^b	0.916^b
total	0.788^b	2.185^b	4.515^b

a: Initial concentration in water samples; b: dry weight in mg/kg

Appendix VIII: Translocation ability of zinc by water hyacinth.

	Roots/ Shoots	1 mg/L	Zn (II) conc. 3 mg/L 6 mg/L
1 week	Roots/petioles	0.382^a	0.255^a	0.383^a
	Roots/leaves	1.114^a	0.732^a	0.164^a
2 weeks	Roots/petioles	0.478^a	0.485^a	0.439^a
	Roots/leaves	0.461^a	0.564^a	0.993^a
4 weeks	Roots/petioles	0.171^a	0.510^a	0.109^a
	Roots/leaves	0.241^a	1.041^a	0.255^a

a: times of zinc storage in roots compared to shoots.

Appendix IX: variations between initial concentrations and plant relative growth

a) Variations for 1 week of experiment

ANOVA
Source of Variation		SS	df		MS		F		P-value		F crit
I.C.(1, 3 & 6 mg/L) IFW, FFW and RG Error Total		547.5 8582.8 677.3 9807.6	2 2 4 8		273.8 4291.4 169.3		7.5 25.3		0.3 0.0		6.9 6.9
b) Variations for 2 weeks of experiment ANOVA															Source of Variation
SS	df			MS		F		P-value		F crit		I.C (1, 3 and 6 mg/L) IFW, FFW and RG Error Total
682.7 4830.1 418.9 5931.7	2 2 4 8			341.4 2415.0 104.7		3.3 23.1		0.1 0.0		6.9 6.9

c) Variations for 4 weeks of experiment ANOVA
Source of Variation	SS	df	MS	F	P-value	F crit
I.C.(1, 3 and 6 mg/L) IFW, FFW & RG Error Total	16.2 12453.0 9.5 12478.7	2 2 4 8	8.1 6226.5 2.4	3.4 2628.1	0.1 0.0	6.9 6.9

Appendix X: Variations between exposure time, pH effects and metal remained in water samples.

a) Concentration of 1 mg/L

ANOVA
Source of Variation	SS	df	MS	F	P-value	F crit
Exposure time pH & metal remained Error Total	3.03 465.04 5.94 474.01	14 2 28 44	0.22 232.52 0.21	1.02 1096.78	0.46 0.00	2.06 3.34

b) Concentration of 3 mg/L

ANOVA							Source of Variation SS
df	MS	F	P-value	F crit		Exposure time 0.29 pH & metal remained 542.58
14 2	0.02 271.29	0.68 8780.55	0.77 0.00	2.06 3.34		Error 0.87
28	0.03					Total 543.74
44						c) Concentration of 6 mg/L
ANOVA
Source of Variation SS	df	MS	F	P-value		F crit
Exposure time 4.98 pH & metal remained 448.82	14 2	0.36 224.41	1.01 638.11	0.47 0.00		2.06 3.34
Error 9.85	28	0.35
Total 463.65	44

Appendix XI: Preliminary water tests at the beginning
pH test for used waters:

Buutare valley pH= 7.7 Nyabugogo water pH=7.4

nyabugogo + butare valley pH=7.9 (in small buskets)

nyabugogo + butare valley pH=7.6 (in the big basins)

solution of _K2Cr2O7 pH = 7.2 solution of ZnCl2 pH = 6.4

fixed pH : 6.7 at starting in all small plastic buckets

Appendix XII: Raw data from lab experiments

Lab experiments (observation and analyses

No			date of sampling							Period			Sample no			pH sample			Zn (II)		Cr (VI)
			1june 06,2007							after 1h			S1BLK1			7,07			0,062		0,006
2													S1BLK3			7,04			0,068		0,008
3													S1BLK6			7,11			0,07		0,118
4													S1WH1,1			7,08			0,048		0,113
5													S1WH1,3			7,09			0,029		0,099
6													S1WH1,6			6,97			0,045		0,121
7													S1WH2,1			6,59			0,036		0,001
8													S1WH2,3			6,91			0,044		0,107
9													S1WH2,6			6,98			0,026		0,121
10													S1WH4,1			6,9			0,022		0,087
11													S1WH4,3			7,01			0,176		0,112
12													S1WH4,6			6,96			0,084		0,085
13										after 2h			S2BLK1			7,24			0,062		0,084
14													S2BLK3			7,16			0,158		0,107
15													S2BLK6			7,2			0,058		0,081
16													S2WH1,1			7,21			0,007		0,129
17													S2WH1,3			7,17			0,022		0,052
18													S2WH1,6			7,08			0,088		0,112
19													S2WH2,1			6,66			0,008		0,109
20													S2WH2,3			6,99			0,094		0,087
21													S2WH2,6			7,06			0,095		0,105
22													S2WH4,1			7,07			0,012		0,115
23													S2WH4,3			7,13			0,062		0,008
24													S2WH4,6			7,09			0,023		0,098
26										after 3h			S3BLK1			7,23			0,05		0,108
27													S3BLK3			7,17			0,022		0,090
28													S3BLK6			7,21			0,019		0,077
29													S3WH1,1			7,23			0,144		0,075
30													S3WH1,3			7,18			0,011		0,081
31													S3WH1,6			7,1			0,003		0,063
32													S3WH2,1			6,62			0,007		0,093
33													S3WH2,3			7			0,029		0,079
34													S3WH2,6			7,04			0,001		0,107
35													S3WH4,1			7,13			0,015		0,076
36													S3WH4,3			7,17			0,002		0,088
37													S3WH4,6			7,11			0,071		0,083
38								after 4h				S4BLK1			7,29			0,032				0,074
39												S4BLK3			7,23			0,065				0,039
40												S4BLK6			7,29			0,018				0,029
41												S4WH1,1			7,32			0,034				0,064
42												S4WH1,3			7,22			0,045				0,051
43												S4WH1,6			7,12			0,033				0,026
44												S4WH2,1			6,61			0,007				0,023
45												S4WH2,3			7,02			0,007				0,021
46												S4WH2,6			7,06			0,010				0,005
47												S4WH4,1			7,23			0,002				0,001
48												S4WH4,3			7,42			0.000				0.000
49												S4WH4,6			7,34			0,014				0.000
50
								after 5h				S5BLK1			7,45			0,008				0.000
51												S5BLK3			7,35			0.000				0.000
52												S5BLK6			7,46			0,03.0				0.000
53												S5WH1,1			7,44			0,014				0.000
54												S5WH1,3			7,32			0.000				0.000
55												S5WH1,6			7,14			0,098				0.000
56												S5WH2,1			6,7			0,013				0.000
57												S5WH2,3			7,17			0.000				0.000
58												S5WH2,6			7,12			0.000				0.000
59												S5WH4,1			7,33			0,005				0.000
60												S5WH4,3			7,55			0,006				0.000
61												S5WH4,6			7,45			0,034				0.000
62
63								after 6h				S6BLK1			7,49			0.000				0.000
63												S6BLK3			7,43			0.000				0.000
64												S6BLK6			7,5			0,024				0.000
65												S6WH1,1			7,55			0,001				0.000
66												S6WH1,3			7,56			0.000				0.000
67												S6WH1,6			7,48			0,032				0.000
68												S6WH2,1			6,83			0,062				0.000
69												S6WH2,3			7,35			0,014				0.000
70												S6WH2,6			7,32			0,098				0.000
71												S6WH4,1			7,46			0,024				0.000
72												S6WH4,3			7,61			0,013				0.000
73												S6WH4,6			7,52			0.000				0.000
74
74				june 07,2007				after12h				S7BLK1			7,82			0,021				0.000
75												S7BLK3			7,68			0,007				0.000
76												S7BLK6			7,82			0.000				0.000
77												S7WH1,1			7,62			0.000				0.000
78												S7WH1,3			7,47			0.000				0.000
79												S7WH1,6			7,42			0,022				0.000
80												S7WH2,1			6,23			0,012				0.000
81												S7WH2,3			7,13			0.000				0.000
82												S7WH2,6			6,85			0,002				0.000
83												S7WH4,1			7,49			0.000				0,093
84												S7WH4,3			7,51			0.000				0.000
85												S7WH4,6			7,34			0.000				0.000
86				june 08,2007				after24h				S8BLK1			7,9			0,004				0,000
87												S8BLK3			7,72			0,040				0,000
88												S8BLK6			7,89			0,000				0,000
89												S8WH1,1			7,48			0,000				0,000
90												S8WH1,3			7,35			0,000				0,000
91												S8WH1,6			7,37			0,005				0,000
92												S8WH2,1			5,65			0,004				0,000
93												S8WH2,3			6,62			0,000				0,000
94												S8WH2,6			6,28			0,032				0,000
95												S8WH4,1			7,48			0,000				0,000
96												S8WH4,3			7,53			0,000				0,000
97												S8WH4,6			7,34			0,004				0,000
98				june 10,2007				after48h				S9BLK1			7,64			0,016				0,000
99												S9BLK3			7,86			0,000				0,000
100												S9BLK6			7,65			0,004				0,000
101												S9WH1,1			7,8			0,000				0,000
102												S9WH1,3			7,64			0,000				0,000
103												S9WH1,6			7,57			0,000				0,000
104												S9WH2,1			5,52			0,002				0,000
105												S9WH2,3			6,07			0,000				0,000
106												S9WH2,6			6,16			0,016				0,000
107												S9WH4,1			7,57			0,000				0,000
108												S9WH4,3			7,75			0,000				0,000
109												S9WH4,6			7,51			0,000				0,000
110
					june 13,2007						after 72 h			S10BLK1			8,03			0,014				0,000
111														S10BLK3			7,93			0,006				0,000
112														S10BLK6			7,72			0,024				0,000
113														S10WH1.1			7,24			0,011				0,000
114														S10WH1,3			7,21			0,000				0,000
115														S10WH1,6			7,23			0,009				0,000
116														S10WH2,1			5,19			0,017				0,000
117														S10WH2,3			4,94			0,011				0,000
118														S10WH2,6			6,35			0,012				0,000
119														S10WH4,1			7,19			0,003				0,000
120														S10WH4,3			7,58			0,001				0,000
121														S10WH4,6			6,97			0,004				0,007
123
124					june 15,2007						after 96 h			S11BLK1			6,6			0,005				0,012
125														S11BLK3			7,37			0,015				0,079
126														S11BLK6			7,6			0,032				0,021
127														S11WH2,1			4,57			0,024				0,079
128														S11WH2,3			4,5			0,001				0,065
129														S11WH2,6			6,6			0,009				0,045
130														S11WH4,1			6,15			0,000				0,006
131														S11WH4,3			7,58			0,000				0,000
132														S11WH4,6			6,88			0,000				0,000
133
134					june 20,2007						after 120h			S12BLK1			8,01			0,023				0,000
135														S12BLK3			8,14			0,008				0,000
136														S12BLK6			7,75			0,011				0,000
137														S12WH2,1			4,75			0,029				0,000
138														S12WH2,3			4,87			0,008				0,000
139														S12WH2,6			6,48			0,008				0,000
140														S12WH4,1			6,61			0,009				0,000
141														S12WH4,3			7,6			0,000				0,000
142														S12WH4,6			5,67			0,006				0,007
143
					1 mg/L						3 mg/L			6 mg/L
roots	0.324167					0			0
petioles	0.134					0.418			0.503
leaves	0					0			0
0.4582 0.418 0.503
total		% of Cr BCF
0.324167		23.5
1.055		76.5
0		0.0
1.379167		100
144					26-juin-07						after 144h			S13BLK1			7,12			0,000				0,016
145														S13BLK3			7,73			0,000				0,061
146														S13BLK6			7,25			0,000				0,001
147														S13WH4,1			5,31			0,000				0,049
148														S13WH4,3			7,35			0,000				0,000
149														S13WH4,6			4,47			0,004				0,053
150
151					3-juil-07						after 168h			S14BLK1			8,61			0,000				0,012
152														S14BLK3			8,37			0,000				0,000
153														S14BLK6			7,5			0,000				0,000
154														S14WH4,1			4,93			0,000				0,000
155														S14WH4,3			7,27			0,000				0,000
156														S14WH4,6			4,43			0,000				0,000

Appendix XIII: Bioconcentration Factor of zinc

Part	1 mg/L	3 mg/L	6 mg/L	total	% of BCF of Zn
roots	0.032	0.081	0.812	0.925	16.5
petioles	0.793	1.491	0.75	3.034	54.1
leaves	0.171	1.095	0.383	1.649	29.4
	0.996	2.667	1.945	5.608	100.0

Appendix XIV: Bioconcentration Factor of chromium