Abstract:
From our research topic entitled «the legal
framework of the fight against terrorism in West Africa», we
focused our analysis on the legal corpus of the countries of this area
initially under its theoretical aspects. Then, we insisted on its pragmatic
implications for citizens and institutions.
Let us specify that West Africa is geographically made up of
fifteen States. It would be very difficult to be concise by spreading out us
over the legal system of all these fifteen States although on other topics, one
could abound in this direction.
Nevertheless, for an analysis more in phase with realities
related to terrorism we judged good, throughout our thesis, to occupy us of the
West African countries already struck by terrorist attacks on their ground.
These countries include Côte d'Ivoire, Niger, Mali, and Nigeria. However,
there is, not without valid reason, Ghana. This country, indeed, although not
having been touched by this phenomenon is close to countries having been
attacked. Consequently, her security response had to adapt to this threat that
is getting closer and closer to it.
7
Thus, our dissertation was based on two parts.
It consisted, on the one hand, of studying all the
international, regional texts which laid the legal bases for the fight against
terrorism in West Africa. Subsequently, this impulse will give rise to the
adoption of West African and national legal instruments against terrorism.
Broadly speaking, these instruments tend more and more through the reforms of
the countries of this subregion to deal specifically with terrorism. This does
not mean that States are relinquishing the stakes associated with organized
criminality.
Moreover, the provisions originally adopted to contain
terrorism also take this problem into account.
On the other hand, our second axis consisted in questioning
the corollaries of the tendency of the countries of West Africa to have for the
right as basis in deciding to fight this deep evil.
This study was prompted by the surprising deduction that there
is a very limited number of writings pertaining to sub-Saharan anti-terrorism
legislations. And even when they exist elsewhere, they are, unfortunately,
obsolete.
Our dissertation is precisely concerned with updating the
doctrine about this very worrying topic.
To be more concise, it should be noted that our first aspect
of investigation has shown that good initiatives have been led by the West
African countries under the diplomatic, political, and legal pressure of the UN
and the OAU. Indeed, these countries, in addition to collectively adopting
UN-inspired legal norms, have themselves nationalized the global
counter-terrorism strategy in establishing specific legal regimes in their
jurisdictions.
Moreover, long before the events of September 2001, the ECOWAS
Conventions governing extradition and mutual legal assistance had anticipated
the basics of legal cooperation in the fight against terrorism.
However, most recent acts adopted by these states represent
their reaction to the heinous acts committed against civilians on their
territory. Adopting the necessary rules must rather become their reflex and not
just a pseudo solution as a reply to loss of life.
It is precisely because of this wait-and-see attitude of West
African governments that we sought to know whether this technique of "doctor
after death" was necessary.
8
Unambiguously, the measures taken are not negligible but
,alone, they cannot solve the problem arising from this threat.
Similarly, it has been necessary to note the commission by the
governing bodies of these states of flagrant deviation with the use of "the
fight against terrorism" as an excuse.
Any democracy in the true sense of the term for the respect of
the people which constitutes its supreme entity must, by claiming to guarantee
the security always, ensure the scrupulous respect of the human rights.
In this same part, we stressed the fact that the law alone
cannot be sufficient to help the initiatives of these governments to eradicate
terrorism. Peaceful means, based on a socio-political approach, should be used
in addition to these legal instruments. Radicalization, precisely, is resolved
better by a psychological follow-up than by incarceration. But it is also
necessary to foresee all cases such as the possibility of failure or
inefficiency of this path.
Thenceforth, the means of force through the forces of order
and the deployment of military in support to the sister countries will be the
last one solution for the African countries to resorb this cancer to the image
of what represents the Appeal if it were to be transposed into legal terms.
However, our points of view on this chronology of the
different legal, socio-political, or military solutions should not be perceived
only in a legal way. Indeed, faced with the barbarity of terrorism, it is quite
legitimate to save the lives of thousands of people even if the language of
weapons must be used as the first resort.
Keywords: Africa, West Africa, West
African States, fight against terrorism, acts, terrorism, radicalization, law,
drifts, islamist fundamentalism.
9
AVERTISSEMENT
« Les idées et opinions
émises dans ce mémoire n'engagent que la responsabilité de
son auteur et ne reflètent en aucun cas celles des chefs de
département ou des Écoles de Saint-Cyr Coëtquidan.
»
10
EPIGRAPHIE
« Personne n'aidera l'Afrique à se
développer sinon les Africains ». Le milliardaire
nigérian Tony Elumelu.
« Qui veut du miel doit avoir le courage
d'affronter les abeilles ». Proverbe Africain.
« Un pessimiste voit la difficulté dans
chaque opportunité, un optimiste voit l'opportunité dans chaque
difficulté. » Winston Churchill.
11
REMERCIEMENTS
Ce mémoire n'aurait pu être réalisé
sans l'aide précieuse de mon directeur de mémoire, Monsieur Ronan
DOARÉ dont les conseils avisés, les corrections et surtout la
rigueur m'ont été précieux tout au long de la
rédaction.
Je tiens aussi à remercier le personnel du MESS HOTEL
BATTESTI à la Caserne Mixte Régionale de MERIGNAC où j'ai
séjourné durant ce semestre académique pour leur
disponibilité et leur soutien.
Je remercie aussi notre dévoué chef de section,
le Capitaine PASQUIET, pour ses conseils et son soutien durant ces trois mois
de travail.
Je tiens enfin, à remercier tous les membres de notre
famille aux quatre coins du monde, en particulier ma mère, SADIE Odile
Akassi et mon père Akpélé Gnamien KOUASSI pour leur
soutien et leur réconfort. Mais aussi et surtout, ma défunte
tante, SADIE Sophie qui voit son fils devenir un homme.
A vous tous, je dédie ce mémoire.
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SOMMAIRE
INTRODUCTION 15
Première partie : L'évolution de la lutte
antiterroriste sur le plan juridique dans
l'espace ouest-africain 26
Chapitre 1 : L'impulsion onusienne et
régionale dans la lutte antiterroriste en Afrique de
l'Ouest 27
Chapitre 2 : L'initiative personnelle des pays
inclus dans la zone subsaharienne : cas du Mali ,
du Niger , du Burkina Faso , de la Côte d'Ivoire , du
Nigeria et du Ghana 71
Deuxième partie : Les répercussions de cet
ordonnancement juridique 90
Chapitre 1 : De l'efficacité et de
l'efficience de l'arsenal juridique ouest-africain 91
Chapitre 2 : La nécessité de
recourir à des outils complémentaires au droit 113
Conclusion générale 125
Table des annexes 127
Sources et bibliographie. 176
Table des matières. 184
Table des sigles et
abréviations
·
13
AIEA : Agence Internationale de l'Énergie
Atomique
· AQMI : Al-Qaïda au Maghreb
Islamique
· BCEAO : Banque Centrale des États
de l'Afrique de l'Ouest
· CADHP : Charte Africaine des Droits de
l'Homme et des Peuples
· CAERT : Centre Africain d'Etudes et de
Recherche sur le Terrorisme
· CCT : Comité Contre le
Terrorisme
· CEEAC : Communauté
Économique des États de l'Afrique Centrale
· CEDEAO : Communauté
Économique des États de l'Afrique de l'Ouest
· CEDH : Cour Européenne des Droits
de l'Homme
· CENTIF : Cellule Nationale de Traitement
des Informations Financières
· CENTIF-CI : Cellule Nationale de
Traitement des Informations Financières- Côte d'Ivoire
· CISSA : Comité des Services
Secrets et de renseignements Africains
· CPS : Conseil de Paix et de
Sécurité
· CREC : Centre de Recherches des
Écoles de Saint-Cyr Coëtquidan
· DEA : Diplôme d'Études
Approfondies
· DSI : Défense et
Sécurité Internationale
· ECOMOG: Economic Community of West
African States Cease-fire Monitoring Group
· FIDH : Fédération
Internationale des ligues des Droits de l'Homme
· Frontex : Frontière
Extérieure
· GIABA : Groupe Intergouvernemental
d'Action contre le Blanchiment d'Argent en Afrique de l'Ouest
· GAFI : Groupe d'Action
Financière
· MINUSMA : Mission Multidimensionnelle
Intégrée des Nations Unies pour la Stabilisation au Mali
· MNLA : Mouvement de Libération de
l'Azawad
· OCDE : Organisation de
Coopération et de Développement
· ONG : Organisation Non
Gouvernementale
· OUA : Organisation de l'Unité
Africaine
· PIDCP : Pacte International relatif aux
Droits Civils et Politiques
·
14
PNUD: Programme des Nations Unies pour le
Développement
· QRF : Quick Reaction Force
· UA : Union Africaine
· UEMOA : Union économique et
Monétaire Ouest-Africaine
· UNESCO: Organisation des Nations
Unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture
· UNOWA: Bureau des Nations Unies pour
l'Afrique de l'Ouest
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