Pastoral Husbandry in Ariège: Animal Vulnerability on Rangelands, Adaptations to Accompaniment Measures of the Brown Bear (Ursus artos) Reintroduction and Conservation Plan in French Pyrenees 2006-2009 and Farming System evolutions

• Acknowledgments
  
• Introduction
  
• Chapter 1: General presentation of the study
  
• 1.1 Context
  
  • 1.1.1 The natural milieu of Ariège
    
    • 1.1.1.1 A collective management of resources
      
    • 1.1.1.2 A recognised patrimonial interest
      
  • 1.1.2 Role and objectives of the stocking system
    
    • 1.1.2.1 Some definitions
      
    • 1.1.2.2 Role and objectives of pastoralism
      
  • 1.1.3 Rangeland valorisation by grazing livestock: challenges and difficulties around the pasturelands
    
    • 1.1.3.1 Biophysical threats to pastoral land
      
    • 1.1.3.2 Stock farming, biodiversity, product's quality and ecosystem services
      
    • 1.1.3.3 Social impact on grazing behaviour of herbivorous
      
    • 1.1.3.4 Herdsman expertise, animal physiology and behaviour, topography and plant physiology for pastoral area utilisation
      
    • 1.1.3.5 Social and economic threats to pastoral land
      
  • 1.1.4 Production's means, operating mode, products, social, technical and spatial considerations
    
    • 1.1.4.1 Study of farming systems
      
    • 1.1.4.2 Study of grazing system
      
  • 1.1.5 The brown bear predation context
    
    • 1.1.5.1 General considerations
      
    • 1.1.5.2 Brown bear ecology
      
      • 1.1.5.3 Social Structure
        
      • 1.1.5.4 Life Cycle
        
      • 1.1.5.5 Breeding
        
      • 1.1.5.6 Diet
        
      • 1.1.5.7 Human - Animal Conflict
        
      • 1.1.5.8 The dynamics' expansion of the bear on the areas of stock farm
        
      • 1.1.5.9 Spread out of damage
        
• 1.2 Problem
  
  • 1.2.1 Research question
    
  • 1.2.2 Hypothesis
    
  • 1.2.3 Objectives
    
• Chapter 2: Field and data collection
  
• 2.1 Field
  
  • 2.1.1 Ariège-Pyrenees
    
  • 2.1.2 ASPAP
    
  • 2.1.3 Farm, men and flock in mountain zone
    
• 2.2 Data collection
  
  • 2.2.1 A bibliographic approach to define the status of the topic
    
  • 2.2.2 Field surveys
    
  • 2.2.3 Structures and systems analysis
    
• Chapter 3: Results and discussion
  
• 3.1 Results
  
  • 3.1.1 General characteristics of pastoral husbandry in Ariège
    
  • 3.1.2 Farming system typology
    
    • 3.1.2.1 Production systems according to animal mobility
      
    • 3.1.2.2 Production systems according to geographic localisation of the farm
      
    • 3.1.2.3 Productions systems according to diversification
      
  • 3.1.3 Mountain Summer Pasture what is?
    
  • 3.1.4 How does bear intervenes in a rural and professional milieu?
    
  • 3.1.5 What are then bear damages on pastoralism?
    
  • 3.1.6 How does ecology perceived in that bear polemic?
    
    • 3.1.6.1 In this context does the bear an umbrella or just emblematic species?
      
  • 3.1.7 What is the brown bear re-introduction cost?
    
• Conclusion
  
• Références Bibliographiques