Lutte biologique contre l'adventice Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv., à partir des champignons pathogènes indigènes au Bénin( Télécharger le fichier original )par Adolphe Sètondji AVOCANH Université d'Abomey Calavi - DEA 2007 |
CONCLUSIONS ET SUGGESTIONSConclusions et recommandationsCette étude destinée à priori à identifier une souche de pathogène indigène, capable de contrôler Imperata cylindrica, nous a permis d'accéder à beaucoup d'informations utiles dans la recherche d'une stratégie de lutte durable contre cette adventice. Les prospections que nous avons effectuées ont permis de démontrer que la majorité des pathogènes de I. cylindrica (surtout les champignons) signalés ailleurs dans le monde existent aussi au Bénin et pourront constituer un stock de pathogènes indigènes. C. caudatum précédemment signalé par les journaux scientifiques comme ayant un potentiel de lutte biologique contre I. cylindrica, est pour la première fois identifié au Bénin (en Afrique). De plus certains de ces isolats indigènes se sont montrés plus virulents que leurs homologues exogènes. Le nombre et la distribution des isolats de ces champignons pathogènes varient selon les zones agroécologiques et les saisons de collections. Les 7 espèces de champignons isolés diffèrent selon leurs caractères (aspect des mycéliums, aspect des spores et croissances) et leur virulence, de même que les isolats de la même espèce diffèrent selon leur origine. Ils produisent différemment leurs spores en fonction des substrats utilisés pour les multiplier. Dans nos conditions expérimentales, l'utilisation de mycélium comme inoculum donne une meilleure sévérité que l'utilisation de suspension de spore comme inoculum mais la meilleur option en milieu tropical reste la formulation avec les spores. Aussi une simple vérification de la virulence in vitro ne donne pas exactement les renseignements sur la virulence réelle des isolats (in vivo). Toutefois les tests in vitro permettent de sélectionner rapidement les isolats. Parmi tous les isolats, C. caudatum est le plus largement distribué et est collecté dans les trois zones agroécologiques, il est relativement virulent et est spécifique. L'espoir d'utilisation de ces isolats comme mycoherbicide sera renforcé par la recherche de différentes formulations pour augmenter le taux d'infection obtenu dans cette étude. A la lumière de ces constats, nous formulons les recommandations suivantes:
REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES Références bibliographiques Ahanchédé, A., 1988. Le problème des adventices sur le plateau Adja. Rapport Scientifique d'Etude. 33p Alcon, J. L., (SD) The taxonomy of `'Helminthosporiose» species. Annual Review of Phytopathology 26, 37-55 Ali-Bidjowé, I., 2006. Etude d'efficacité des champignons pathogènes des rhizomes dans une perceptive de lutte biologique contre Imperata cylindrica (Poacea) (L.) Raeuschel au Bénin. Mémoire pour l'obtention du diplôme d'Ingénieur agronome. ESA,Université de Lomé-Togo., 82p. Ajuona, O., Schade, V., Veltman, B., Sedjro, K. & Neuenschwander P., 2003. Impact of the exotic weevils Neochetina spp: (Coleoptera: Curculionidae on water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes (Lil: Pontederiaceae) in Benin, West Africa. African Entomology 11, 153-161 Atchade N. S. 2004. Effet de l'eau et de l'engrais sur la croissance et le développement des mauvaises herbes: cas de Imperata cylindrica (L.). Mémoire pour l'obtention du diplôme d'Ingénieur des travaux. EPAC, Université d'Abomey Calavi., 90p. Auld B. A., Medd R. W., 1987. Weeds. An illustrated botanical guide to the weeds of Australia. Intata Press. Melbourne. Sydney., 255p. Avocanh A., 2005. Introduction à la lutte biologique contre le chiendent : In Recherches Agriculture. AgriCulture.Bimensuel Beninois d'Analyse Economiques et Socioculturelles pour le Monde Rural. N0 067, 10-11. Ayeni A. O. et Duke W.B., 1985. The influence of rhizomes features on subsequent regenerative capacity in Speargrass (Imperata Cylindrica (L.) Beauv.) Agriculture Ecosystem and Environment. 13, 309-3 17. Ayeni S., 2004. Contribution à la lutte contre Imperata cylindrica au Bénin: Distribution Géographique, perceptions paysannes et approches de gestion. Mémoire pour l'obtention du diplôme d'Ingénieur des travaux. EPAC, Université d'Abomey Calavi., 78p. Ayeni S. Avocanh A. et Beed F., 2004. Perception of farmers in Benin, West Africa, toward Imperata cylindrica. Proceeding of 4th International Weed Science Congress 20-24 th june. Durban. South Africa., 45p. Barnett H. L. et Hunter B. B., 1979. Illustrated Genera Of Imperfect Fungi. 4, 218p Bateman R., 2002. Tank tests for Water Hyacinth mycoherbicide. Standard Operating Protocol. V. 2.1 Baxter A. P. et Van Der Linde E., 1997. Collecting and Preserving Fungi. A Manuel for a Pratical Course in Mycology held in Pretoria, October 1997. Beed F. Charudattan R. et Den Breeyen A., 2004. Biological Control of Imperata Cylindrica. Proceeding of 4th International Weed Science Congress 20-24 th June. Durban. South Africa. 33. Booth, C., Prior, C., 1984. A new Giberella species on Imperata (Graminae). Transactions of the British Mycological Society 82, 180-182. Brook R. M., 1989. Review of literature on Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeuschel with particular reference to South East Asia. Tropical Pest Management. 35(1),12-25. Bryson C. T. et Carter R., 1993. Congograss, Imperata cylindrica, in United States. Weed Technology. 7, 1005-1009. Butt T. M. Jackson C.W. et Magan N., 2001. Fungi as Biocontrol Agents. Progress,Problems and Potential. CABI Publishing., 390p. CAB International., 2001a. Crop protection compendium. 2001 Edition. OXON, U. K. CD format. CAB International., 2001b. International Course on the
Identification of Fungi of Caunter I. G. et Wong S. H., 1988. Foliar disease of lalang in Penang. Biocontrol potential. MAPPS Newsletter. 2, 6p. Caunter I.G., 1996. Colletotrichum caudatum, a potential bioherbicide for control of Imperata cylindrica. Proceeding of the IX International Symposium on Biological control. Stellenbosch. South Africa.,19-26. Chandramohan S. and Charudattan R., 2001. Control of seven grasses with a mixture of three fungal pathogens with Restricted Host Ranges. Biological Control 22, 246-255. Chandramohan, S., Charudattan, R., Sonoda, R.M., Singh, M., 2002. Field evaluation of a fungal pathogen mixture for the control of seven weedy grasses. Weed Science 50, 204-213. Chandrasrikul, A., 1962. A preliminary host list of plant diseases in Thailand. Technical Bulletin 6. Department of Agriculture, Bangkok, 23p. Charudattan R.,1996. Biological Control of Noxious Weed Species Using Plant Pathogens. Environmental Management Workshop. Orlando,Florida. October 8- 10, 1996 Charudattan R. 1997. Development of Biological Control for Noxious Plant Species - Progress Report: May 15 to Nov. 14, 1997. University of Florida, Gainesville. Chase, M.W., Soltis, D.E., Olmstead, R.G., Morgan, D., Les, D.H., Mishler, B.D., Duvall, M.R., Price, R.A., Hills, H.G., Qiu, Y.L., Kron, K.A., Rettig, J.H., Conti, E., Palmer, J.D., Manhart, J.R., Sytsma, K.J., Michaels, H.J., Kress, W.J., Karol, K.G., Clark, W.D., Hedren, M., Gaut, B.S., Jansen, R.K., Kim, K.J., Wimpee, C.F., Smith, J.F., Furnier, G.R., Strauss, S.H., Xiang, Q.Y., Plunkett, G.M., Soltis, P.S., Swensen, S.M., Williams, S.E., Gadek, P.A., Quinn, C.J., Eguiarte, L.E., Golenberg, E., Learn, G.H., Graham, S.W., Barrett, S.C.H., Dayanandan, S., Albert, V.A., 1993. Phylogenetics of seed plants: an analysis of nucleotide sequences from the plastid gene rbcL. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 80, 528-580. Chikoye D Ekeleme F and Ambe JT (1999). Survey of distribution and farmers perceptions of speargrass (Imperata cylindrica [L.] Raeuschel) in cassava based systems in West Africa. International Journal of Pest Management 44,1-7. Chikoye D., Manyong V. M., Ekeleme F., 2000. Characteristics of speargrass (Imperata cylindrica) dominated fields in West Africa: Crops, soil properties, farmer perceptions and management strategies. Crop Protection 19, 48 1-487. Chikoye D Ekeleme F and Udensi E., 2001. Cogongrass suppression by intercropping cover crops in corn/cassava systems. Weed Science 49, 658-667. Chikoye D., Manyong V. M., Carsky R. J., Ekeleme F., Gbehounou G., Ahanchede A., 2002. Response of speargrass (Imperata cylindrica) to cover crops integrated with handweeding and chemical control in maize and cassava. Crop Protection. 21(2), 145-156. Chikoye D., 2003. Characteristics and management of Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeuschel in smallholder farms in developing countries. In Weed management for developing countries. FAO., 81-88. Ciotola M., Ditommaso A., et Watson A., 1999. Chlamydospore Production, Inoculation Methods and Pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporum M12-4a, A Biocontrol for Striga hermonthica. Biocontrol Sciences and Technologies. 10, 129-145. Clive J., 1971. A manual of assessment keys for plant diseases. Canada Departemant of Agriculture Publication N0. 1458 1971, 8p. Coile N. C. and Shilling D.G., 1993. Congograss, Imperata cylindrica(L.) Beauv; a good grass gone bad! Botany Circular 28. Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. Gainesville, Florida, USA. 3p Elzein A. et Kroschel J., 2004. Fusarium oxysporum Foxy 2 shows potential to control both Striga hermonthica and F. asiatica. European Weed research Society 44, 433-438. Evans H. C. Greaves M. P. and Watson A. K., 2001. Fungal Biocontrol Agents of Weeds. In: T.M. Butt, C. Jakson and N. Magan. Fungi as Biocontrol Agents . CAB International, 169- 192. Fournet J., Hammerton J. L., 1991. Mauvaises herbes des petites Antilles. INERA, Edition Cardi. Paris., 214p. Galiba M., Vissoh P., Dagbénonbakin G. et Fagbohoun F., 1998. Réaction et craintes des paysans liées à l'utilisation du pois mascate (Mucuna pruriens var. utilis). In Cover Crop in West Africa to Sustainable Agriculture. Sasakawa Global 2000. 55-65. Harigan W. E., 1998. Laboratory Methods in Food Microbiology. Academic Press. 3, 532p Harley K.L.S. et Forno I. W., 1992. Biological Control of Weeds. CSIRO Division of Entomology, Brisbane, Australia. Inkata Press., 73p. Hasan S, 1983 Plant pathogen and Biological Control of weeds. In Commonwealth Mycological Institute,1983. Plant Pathologist Pocketbook. 2, 269-274. Holm, L.G.; Plucknett, D.L.; Pancho, J.V.; Herberger, J.P., 1977. Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. In the world `s worst weeds, University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu, 62-71. Hountondji, F. C. C., Yaninek, J. S., De Moraes, G.J Odour, G.I. (2002) Host specificity of the cassava green mite pathogen Nezygites floridana. BioControl. 47, 61-66 Hubbard, C.E.; Whyte, R.O.; Brown, D.; Gray, A.P, 1944 Imperata cylindrica. Taxonomy, distribution, economic significance and control. Imperial Agricultural Bureaux Joint Publication. 7, 63p. Ivens, G.W., 1980. Imperata
cylindrica (L.) Beauv. In West African agriculture. James A. T., Costas Z. & Harura B., 2002. Biological Control AND Management Of Alien Invasive Shrub Chomolaena odorata in Africa. In In Biological contro in IPM system in Africa . CABI publishing-CTA-SDS., 145-160. Ker A., 1992. Farming systems of African savanna: A continent in crisis. International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Ottawa, Canada, 167. Kroschel J., Hundt A., Abbasher A. A.and Sauerborn J.,1996. Pathogenicity of fungi collected in northern Ghana to Striga hermonthica. European Weed research Society Weed Research. 36, 515-520. Kudsk P. and Kristensen J. L., 1992. Effect of environmental factors on herbicide performance. Proceeding of the First International Weed Control Congress, Melbourn. 173-185. Leonar et Suggo, 1974. Exserohilum sp. http://coproweb.free.fr/mycoweb/texte/109.htm accédé le 22 septembre 2007 MacDonald G. E., 2004. Congograss (Imperata cylindrica) -Biology, Ecology, and Management. Critical reviews in Plants Sciences.367-380. Madar Z., Kimchi M., 1998. Branch diebackof Brown-Berried Juniper in Israel Caused by Phomopsis occulta. Phytoparasitica 26 (2), 1-2. Manyong, V.M., Smith, J., Weber, G. K., Jagtap S.S., Oyewole, B., 1999. Macrocharacterisation of agricultural systems in west Africa: An overview. Resource and Crop Management Monograph 21, 33-40. Menz K., Ellis K., Conroy C. and Grist P., 1998. Fire as an economic desencitive to smallholder rebber planting in Impertata areas of Indonesia. Environnemental Modelling and Software. 14 (1), 27-35. Mike Mannin A. and Helen Perrey R., 1996. Glomerella (Glomerellacingulata) in apples and pears. An Introduction to the disease (www.Hortnet. Co.nz/publications/hprfacts accédé le 22 juin 2007. Nakasone K. K., Peterson S. W.and Jong S., 2004. Presevation and Distribution of Fungal Cultures. In Biodiversity of Fungi. Inventory and Monitoring Methods. Elsier Academic Press. 37-47 Neuenschwander P., 2002. Biological control of Cassana and Mango Mealibug in Africa. In Biological control in IPM system in Africa . CABI publishing-CTASDS., 45-59. Pearson D. E. et Callaway r. M., 2003. Indirect effects of host-specific biological control agents. Trend in Ecology end Evolution 2, 456-461. Persley, G.J., 1973. Naturally occurring alternative hosts of Xanthomonas albilineans in Queensland. Plant Disease Reporter 57, 1040-1042. Ravenell. D. I.,1985. Evaluation of Bipolaris setariae as a potential biocontrol agent for Abarachiaria platyphylla: efficacy and host range studies. M. S. thesis, North California State University, Raleigh 19p. Sankaran, K.V., Sutton, B.C., 1991. Myrellina imperatae sp. Nov. on Imperata from Papua New Guinea and Australia. Mycological Research 95, 102 1-1022. Santiago A., 1980. Gene ecological aspects of the Imperata weed and practical implications. Biotrop. Spec. Publ. 5, 23-34. Smith I. M., Dunez J., Philips D. H., Lelliott R. A., et Archer S. A., 1988. Europea handbook of Plant diseases. Blackwell Scientific Publications : Oxford., 583p. Soerjani, M., 1970. Alang-alang Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. Pattern of growth as related to its problem of control. BIOTROP Bulletin, 1, 88-96. Terry P. J., Adjers G., Akobundu I. O., Anoka A. U., Drilling M. E., Tjtrosemito S. and Utomo M., 1997. Herbicide and mechanical control of Imperata cylindrica as first step in gras sland rehabilitation. Agroforestry Systems 36, 151-179. Valverde B. E., 2005. Progrès sur la gestion de Rottboellia cochinchinensis. In Gestion des mauvaises herbes pour les pays en développement. Etude FAO Production Végétale et Production des plantes. Rome., 7 1-84. Van Loan A. N., Meeker J. R., Minno M. C., 2002. Congo Grass. In Biological Control of Invasive Plants in the Eastern United States, USDA Forest Service. Publication FHTET-2002-04. 41, 3p. Versteeg M. N., Amadji F., Etèka A., Houndekon V., et Manyong V. M.1998. Collaboration to increase the use of Mucuna in production in Benin. In Cover Crop in West Africa to Sustainable Agriculture. Sasakawa Global 2000. 3 3-43. Vissoh, P. V.; Gbèhounou, G.; Ahantchédé, A.; Kuyper, T. W. and Roling, N. G. 2004. Weeds as agricultural constraint to farmers in Bénin: results of a diagnostic study. NJAS 52-3/4, 308 - 329. Willard T. R., Shilling, D. G., Gaffney J. F., and Currey W. L. 1996. Mechanical and chemical control of cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica). Weed Techno. 10, 722- 726. Wilcut J. W. Dute R.R., Truelove B., and Davis D. E., 1988. Factors Limiting the Distribution of Congograss, Imperata cylindrica, and Torpedograss, Panicum repens. Weed Science. 36, 577-582. Yanineck et R. Hanna, 2002. Cassava green mite in Africa-a Unique Example of Successful Classical Biological Control OF MITE Peste on Continental Scale. In Biological contro in IPM system in Africa . CABI publishing-CTA-SDS., 61-75. Yandoc CB, Charudattan R and Shilling DG (1999). Enhancement of efficacy of Bipolaris Sacchari (E. Butler) Shoem., a bioherbicide agent of cogongrass [Imperata cylindrica (L.)Beauv.], with adjuvants. Weed Science Society of America Abstracts. 39p. Zhang W.M., Watson A. K., 1997. Effect of Dew Period and Temperature on the ability of Exserohilum monceras to cause Seedling Mortality of Echinochloa Spicies. The American Phytopathological socity. Plant Disease. 81, 629-634 |
|