2.4.1Workforce of different
sectors and minimum wages in Chad
The workforce of Chad varies with the type of sector, for
example, the agricultural sector of the country and the livestock sectors have
the 80 % workforce of the country (Adelaja& George, 2019; Docquier&
Iftikhar, 2019; Leonard, 2019; Oya, Schaefer, &Skalidou, 2018; Pantsurkin
et al., 2019). The major exports products other than oil and petroleum products
are the cattle products, cotton and the gum arabic. Literature studies
(Abubakar et al., 2018; Adelaja& George, 2019; Colombo et al., 2019;
Njikam, 2016; Oya et al., 2018; Wegenast et al., 2019) also show that the
contribution of industrial sector of Chad is not much high as compared to the
other sectors. This is because the industrial sector of chad is not much
developed with only 20 % of workforce including the mining industries and also
manufacturing industries (Adelaja& George, 2019; Docquier& Iftikhar,
2019; Leonard, 2019; Oya et al., 2018; Pantsurkin et al., 2019).
According to the research studies (Abubakar et al., 2018;
Adelaja& George, 2019; Colombo et al., 2019; Njikam, 2016; Oya et al.,
2018; Wegenast et al., 2019), the minimum salary in Chad is not much higher.
Therefore, the minimum wage depends upon the type of work a person is doing and
how much the employer is willing to pay (Docquier& Iftikhar, 2019; Leonard,
2019; Mushemeza&Okiira, 2016; Pantsurkin et al., 2019; Zene, Hasan,
Ruizhong, &Zhenliang, 2019). According to thetradingeconomics.com, the
total percentage of employment provided by the industrial sector in Chad has
been found to be 3.098 percent in the year 2019.
2.5 Unemployment rate in
Chad
The employment and unemployment situation of the people of a
country have a significant impact on their shopping patterns (Docquier&
Iftikhar, 2019; Leonard, 2019; Mushemeza&Okiira, 2016; Pantsurkin et al.,
2019; Zene, Hasan, Ruizhong, &Zhenliang, 2019). The purchasing power of
Chadians before the discovery of the petroleum products was not much good as
compared to that of the results obtained after that (Cash, 2012;
Hoinathy&Jánszky, 2017; Malay, 2019; Nematchoua et al., 2019;
Williams et al., 2017). In 2003, the country was included to the list of
countries that have the capacity of producing oil (Adelaja& George, 2019;
Colombo et al., 2019; Oya et al., 2018). This has increased its dependence of
the economy on oil and petroleum products. This dependence has increased the
economic situation of the country and has also positively affected the
purchasing power of the population(Abubakar et al., 2018; Colombo et al., 2019;
Njikam, 2016; Wegenast et al., 2019).
2.5.1International reserves
of Chad
According to the data obtained from World Bank Development
Indicators, the external revenues of the Chad in 2010 were $ 0.63 billion. In
2011, the value of external reserves of Chad increased to 0.95 billion US
dollars (Cash, 2012; Hoinathy&Jánszky, 2017; Malay, 2019; Nematchoua
et al., 2019; Williams et al., 2017). The level of external reserves of Chad
showed an increasing trend for the next years till 2013. After 2013, the
external reserve levels of the country started to drop down and in 2015, it
reached to 0.37 USD billion (Cash, 2012;
Hoinathy&Jánszky, 2017; Malay, 2019; Nematchoua et
al., 2019; Williams et al., 2017). The lowest level of external reserves of
history of Chad reached to 0.07 USD billion. Moreover, the research studies
shows that the total international reserves of Chad reached to 147,750,166 USD
in 2018 (Adeyeri, Laux, Arnault, Lawin, &Kunstmann, 2020; Carmody, 2009;
Corsi, Marchisio, &Orsi, 2017; Jahangiri et al., 2019; R.
Mahmood & Jia, 2019; Orsi, De Noni, Corsi, &
Marchisio, 2017).
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