|
Sécurité et sureté maritime : de l'élaboration des textes à la difficulté de mise en oeuvre( Télécharger le fichier original )par Mohamed Saà¯d HAFFAF Université d'Angers - Diplôme d'Etudes Supérieures Spécialisées en droit maritime et des transports 2002 |
CONCLUSIONAprès toute catastrophe maritime, l'émotion est grande et les citoyens ont tendance à réclamer des réglementations en la matière et trouvent scandaleux que de tels évènements puissent se produire. Cette étude avait pour but principal de démontrer que la réglementation, élaborée au fil des catastrophes maritimes et du XXème siècle, existe belle et bien et qui plus est recouvre maintenant la totalité des domaines liés à la sécurité maritime. Si l'OMI pendant de très nombreuses années a été le seul initiateur de cette réglementation, il n'en est plus de même aujourd'hui, d'autres entités ayant pris le relais comme notamment l'Union Européenne. Mais alors pourquoi de tels évènements se produisent ? Tout d'abord parce que la mer reste un élément imprévisible et un milieu hostile mais surtout parce que cette réglementation n'est pas appliquée par tous et de la même manière. Le cadre réglementaire n'est pas appliqué par tous de la même manière principalement pour des raisons d'ordre économique et la nature humaine étant ainsi faite dès qu'une brèche est ouverte pour échapper aux obligations qui incombent à tous les acteurs de la sécurité maritime,chacun s'y engouffre. Et malheureusement seul le bâton reste un moyen efficace pour remettre les contrevenants dans le droit chemin. Le problème étant que le milieu des transporteurs maritimes est un milieu opaque et international qui permet bien souvent d'échapper aux sanctions. Mais il est vrai que l'ambiance actuelle dans ce secteur est plus à l'optimisme, les taux de fret ces dernières années ont tendance à remonter et le facteur qualité est de plus en plus pris en considération et mentionné dans les enceintes internationales. La sécurité maritime englobe maintenant un autre secteur où, et cela est suffisamment rare pour le noter, un consensus a été trouvé rapidement. Il s'agit de la sûreté maritime, domaine très souvent évoqué ces derniers temps dans le milieu maritime. Bien que cette notion était déjà prise en compte par l'Union Européenne avant le 11 septembre 2002, elle a fait l'objet de plusieurs réglementations, l'une nationale aux Etats-Unis, la CSI et l'autre internationale, le code ISPS, suite à la pression des Etats-Unis. Ces réglementations sont des réglementations récentes et doivent faire face à des difficultés de mise en oeuvre. Ces domaines de la sécurité maritime et maintenant de la sûreté maritime restent des domaines très vastes et dépendant de la volonté des intervenants et des organes normatifs, il ne peut exister de formule mathématique qui puisse permettre de penser que ces domaines seront totalement maîtrisés. Il reste cependant à espérer que cette évolution des mentalités précédemment mentionnée permette d'anticiper les catastrophes maritimes et non plus de les subir.
· Ouvrages : BOISSON Philippe, « Politiques et droits de la sécurité maritime », Bureau Véritas, mai 1998, n°160 BONASSIES Pierre, « Droit maritime général » ; Cours polycopiés. BONASSIES Pierre, « La politique commune des transports : historique et avenir », La communauté européenne et la Mer, p.505 et suiv. REMOND GOUILLOUD Martine, »Droit maritime, Pedone,
2ème ed, 1993. WOLGENSINGER Jacques - La grande aventure de la presse - Découvertes Gallimard 1989 · Actes des institutions
européennes 1) Directives et réglements Directive 94/57 du Conseil du 22 novembre 1994 établissant des règles et normes communes concernant les organismes habilités à effectuer l'inspection et la visite des navires et les activités pertinentes des administrations maritimes, JOCE L 319/20 du 12 décembre 1994. Directive 95/21 du Conseil du 19 juin 1995 concernant
l'application aux navires faisant escale dans les ports de la Communauté
ou dans les eaux relevant de la juridiction des Etats membres, des normes
internationales relatives à la sécurité maritime, à
la prévention et aux conditions de vie et de travail à bord des
navires ( contrôle par l'Etat du port ), JOCE L 157/1 du 7 juillet
1995. Directive 2001/105/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 19 décembre 2001 modifiant la directive 94/57/CE du Conseil. Directive 2001/106/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 19 décembre 2001 modifiant la directive 95/21/CE du Conseil. Règlement (CE) n°417/2002 Règlement 1406/2002/CE du 27 juin 2002 2) Actes de la commission COM ( 92 ) 494 final du 2 décembre 1992, « Le développement futur de la politique commune des transports ». COM ( 93 ) 66 final du 24 février 1993, « Pour une politique commune de la sécurité maritime ». COM ( 96 ) 81 final du 13 mars 1996, « Vers une nouvelle stratégie maritime ». COM ( 2000 ) 142 final du 21 mars 2000, « Communication de
la Commission au Conseil et eu Parlement européen sur la
sécurité du transport pétrolier
».. · Rapports et documents de travail BARREAU Alain, « Le renforcement de la sécurité maritime : une ardente et pressante obligation pour l'Europe » ; Rapport d'information de la délégation de l'Assemblée Nationale pour l'Union européenne. DE RICHEMONT Henri, « Erika : indemniser et prévenir» ; Rapport d'information du Sénat n° 441 (1999-2000) - Tome 1 - Mission commune d'information ; 12 mai 2000. JOSSELIN C. , « La sécurité maritime : un défi européen et mondial », Délégation pour l'Union européenne, rapport de l'Assemblée nationale, n°1482 du 5 juillet 1994, p. 55-56. · Thèses et mémoires BELLAYER-ROILLE A. , « Le transport maritime et les politiques de sécurité de l'Union Européenne », Thèse de droit public publiée par le pôle européen Jean- Monnet, Université Rennes I ; Editions APOGEE 2000. FAURE Lionel, « La communautarisation du Mémorandum de Paris », Mémoire du DESS Droit maritime et droit des transports de la faculté d'Aix-en-provence sous la direction de Christian SCAPEL ; Centre de droit maritime et des transports ( CDMT ) 1999. SALEA OUADJ intitulé :»La mise en oeuvre du ISM code par les compagnies maritimes» CDMT,1999 VACCARO Sophie, »Evolution de la sécurité maritime et adoption de l'ISM Code : le point de vue des sociétés de classification », mémoire de DESS, Droit maritime et des transports, Aix en Provence, 1995. · Revues et
périodiques MARCHAND Guy, « Marine marchande. La sécurité maritime », Juris-classeur commercial, ed. techniques, 1991, n°1, p.3 Bulletin de la Navigation et des Pêches maritimes, rapport de la Commission Sénatoriale des Etats-Unis sur la Catastrophe du TITANIC, source : gallica.bnf.fr Journal de la Marine Marchande (JMM), hebdomadaire SALVARANI R. & LINDSTROM S. , The International Journal of Shipping Law, « Looking behind the Directive on Port State Control ». Part I, Mars 1997 · Sites Internet Centre de droit maritime et des transports d'Aix en Provence (
CDMT ) : Comité central des armateurs
: Commission européenne : ISEMAR : Ministère des Transports
: Mémorandum de Paris (MOU ) : O.M.I : OCDE : OMD : http://www.wcoomd.org Parlement européen : Parlement français ( assemblée nationale et sénat ) : http://www.senat.fr Entretien avec Monsieur Georges TOURRET , administrateur des affaires maritimes, directeur du BEA mer. Entretien avec Monsieur Pierre ALDEBERT , ISM manager du groupe CMA/CGM Entretien avec Monsieur Frédéric FIEVET , fleet
manager de la société Fouquet Sacop Maritime. TABLE DES ANNEXES ANNEXE 1 : INDEX DES RESOLUTIONS DE L'OMI PROVENANT DU MARINE SAFETY COMMITTEE ET DU MARINE ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION COMMITTEE PAGE 93 ANNEXE 2 : TABLEAU RECAPITULAIF DES REGLEMENTS EUROPEENS EN MATIERE DE SECURITE MARITIME PAGE 101 ANNEXE 3 : LISTE NOIRE ET LISTE BLANCHE DU MEMORENDUM DE PARIS . PAGE 103 ANNEXE 4 : LES 10 PREMIERES FLOTTES MARCHANDES D'APRES LE PAVILLON PAGE 104 ANNEXE 5 : TABLEAU DES COUTS ESTIMES DE LA SURETE MARITIME POUR DES COMPAGNIES TYPES , EXTRAIT DU FEDERAL REGISTER, RÉSUMÉ JOURNALIER DES ACTIVITÉS DU GOUVERNEMENT DES ETATS-UNIS. PAGE 105 ANNEXE 1 MARITIME SAFETY COMMITTEE MSC.1(XLV) 1981 amendments to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974 MSC.2(XLV) 1981 amendments to the Protocol of 1978 relating to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea MSC.3(48) Amendments to the International Convention for Safe Containers (CSC), 1972 MSC.4(48) Adoption of the International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (IBC Code) (Amended by MEPC.19(22), MSC.10(54)) MSC.5(48) Adoption of the International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk (IGC Code) MSC.6(48) Amendments to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974 MSC.7(48) Recommendations on chemical tankers and gas carriers constructed before 1 July 1986 MSC.8(48) Recommendations concerning fire safety requirements additional to those contained in chapter II-2 of the 1981 SOLAS amendments MSC.9(53) Adoption of the revised Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (BCH Code) MSC.10(54) Amendments to the International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (resolution MSC.4(48)) MSC.11(55) Amendments to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974 MSC.12(56) Amendments to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974 MSC.13(57) Amendments to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974 MSC.14(57) Amendments to the International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (IBC Code) MSC.15(57) Amendments to the Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (BCH Code) MSC.16(58) Amendments to the International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (IBC Code) (Harmonized system of survey and certification) MSC.17(58) Amendments to the International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk (IGC Code) (Harmonized system of survey and certification) MSC.18(58) Amendments to the Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (BCH Code) (Harmonized system of survey and certification) MSC.19(58) Amendments to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974 MSC.20(59) Amendments to the International Convention for Safe Containers (CSC), 1972 MSC.21(59) Amendments to the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers, 1978 MSC.22(59) Amendments to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974 MSC.23(59) Adoption of the International Code for the Safe Carriage of Grain in Bulk MSC.24(60) Amendments to chapter II-2 of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974 (Fire safety measures for existing passenger ships) Resolution number Resolution title (Status) MSC.25(60) Amendments to the Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk (Harmonized system of survey and certification) MSC.26(60) Amendments to chapter II-1 of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974 (Existing ro-ro passenger ships) MSC.27(61) Amendments to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974 MSC.28(61) Amendments to the International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (IBC Code) MSC.29(61) Amendments to the Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (BCH Code) MSC.30(61) Amendments to the International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk (IGC Code) MSC.31(63) Amendments to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974 MSC.32(63) Amendments to the International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk (IGC Code) MSC.33(63) Amendments to the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping (STCW), 1978 MSC.34(63) Amendments to the Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk MSC.35(63) Guidelines for emergency towing arrangements on tankers MSC.36(63) International Code of Safety for High-Speed Craft (Amended by MSC.119(74)) MSC.37(63) Amendments to the Code of Safety for Dynamically Supported Craft MSC.38(63) Amendments to the 1989 Code for the Construction and Equipment of Mobile Offshore Drilling Units (MODU Code) MSC.39(63) Amendments to the Code on Alarms and Indicators (Revoked by A.830(19)) MSC.40(64) Standard for qualifying marine materials for high-speed craft as fire-restricting materials MSC.41(64) Interim standard for measuring smoke and toxic products of combustion MSC.42(64) Amendments to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974 MSC.43(64) Guidelines for criteria for ship reporting systems (Amended by MSC.111(73)) MSC.44(65) Standards for fixed sprinkler systems for high-speed craft MSC.45(65) Test procedures for fire resisting divisions of high-speed craft MSC.46(65) Amendments to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974 MSC.47(66) Amendments to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974 MSC.48(66) International Life-Saving Appliance (LSA) Code MSC.49(66) Amendments to the Guidelines on the enhanced programme of inspections during surveys of bulk carriers and oil tankers (resolution A.744(18)) MSC.50(66) Amendments to the International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (IBC Code)) MSC.51(66) Amendments to the Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (BCH Code)) MSC.52(66) Mandatory ship reporting systems MSC.53(66) Performance standards for shipborne GLONASS receiver equipment) (Revised by MSC.113(73)) MSC.54(66) Amendments to the Recommendation on testing of life-saving appliances (resolution A.689(17)) MSC.55(66) Amendments to the Recommendation on conditions for the approval of servicing stations for inflatable liferafts (resolution A.761(18)) MSC.56(66) Amendments to the Performance standards for float-free satellite EPIRBs operating on 406 MHz (resolution A.810(18)) MSC.57(67) Amendments to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974 MSC.58(67) Amendments to the International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (IBC Code) MSC.59(67) Amendments to the International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk (IGC Code) MSC.60(67) Amendments to the Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk (GC Code) MSC.61(67) International Code for Application of Fire Test Procedures MSC.62(67) Guidelines for safe access to tanker bows MSC.63(67) Mandatory ship reporting systems MSC.64(67) Recommendations on new and amended performance standards) (Annex 2 revised by MSC.114(73)) MSC.65(68) Amendments to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974, as amended MSC.66(68) Amendments to the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers, 1978, as amended MSC.67(68) Amendments to the Seafarer's Training, Certification and Watchkeeping (STCW) Code MSC.68(68) Amendments to performance standards for shipborne radiocommunications equipment MSC.69(69) Amendments to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974, as amended MSC.70(69) Amendments to the International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue, 1979 MSC.71(69) Amendments to the General Provisions on Ships' Routeing (resolution A.572(14), as amended) MSC.72(69) Adoption, designation and substitution of archipelagic sea lanes MSC.73(69) Mandatory ship reporting systems MSC.74(69) New and amended performance standards (Annex 1 revised by MSC.115(73)) MSC.75(69) Amendments to the Code on Intact Stability for All Types of Ships Covered by IMO Instruments (resolution A.749(18)) MSC.76(69) Extended application of the Explanatory notes to the SOLAS regulations on subdivision and damage stability of cargo ships of 100 metres in length and over (resolution A.684(17)) MSC.77(69) Maintenance of a continuous listening watch on VHF channel 16 by SOLAS ships whilst at sea after 1 February 1999 and installation of VHF DSC facilities on non-SOLAS ships MSC.78(70) Amendments to the Seafarers' Training, Certification and Watchkeeping (STCW) Code MSC.79(70) Interpretation of SOLAS chapter XII on additional safety measures for bulk carriers MSC.80(70) New performance standards for radiocommunication equipment MSC.81(70) Revised recommendation on testing of life-saving appliances MSC.82(70) Amendments to resolution A.760(18) on symbols related to life-saving appliances and arrangements MSC.83(70) Amendments to the survey guidelines under the harmonized system of survey and certification (resolution A.746(18)) MSC.84(70) Amendments to the guidelines on surveys required by the 1978 SOLAS Protocol, the International Bulk Chemical Code and the International Gas Carrier Code (resolution A.560(14)) MSC.85(70) Mandatory ship reporting systems MSC.86(70) New and amended performance standards for navigational equipment MSC.87(71) Amendments to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974, as amended MSC.88(71) International Code for the Safe Carriage of Packaged Irradiated Nuclear Fuel, Plutonium and High-Level Radioactive Wastes on Board Ships (INF Code) MSC.89(71) Interpretation of the provisions of SOLAS chapter XII on additional safety measures for bulk carriers MSC.90(71) Amendments to the standard for qualifying marine materials for high-speed craft as firerestricting materials (resolution MSC.40(64)) MSC.91(72) Amendments to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974, as amended MSC.92(72) Amendments to the Protocol of 1988 relating to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974 MSC.93(72) Mandatory ship reporting system MSC.94(72) Performance standards for night vision equipment for high-speed craft MSC.95(72) Performance standards for daylight signalling lamps MSC.96(72) Amendments to performance standards for devices to indicate speed and distance (resolution A.824(19)) MSC.97(73) International Code of Safety for High-Speed Craft, 2000 (2000 HSC Code) MSC.98(73) International Code for Fire Safety Systems (FSS Code) MSC.99(73) Amendments to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974, as amended MSC.100(73) Amendments to the Protocol of 1988 relating to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974 MSC.101(73) Amendments to the International Code for Application of Fire Test Procedures (FTP Code) MSC.102(73) Amendments to the International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (IBC Code) MSC.103(73) Amendments to the International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk (IGC Code) MSC.104(73) Amendments to the International Safety Management (ISM) Code MSC.105(73) Amendments to the Guidelines on the enhanced programme of inspections during surveys of bulk carriers and oil tankers (resolution A.744(18), as amended) MSC.106(73) Amendments to the Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk (GC Code) MSC.107(73) Amendments to the Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (BCH Code) MSC.108(73) Recommendation on compliance with the requirements of paragraph 2.2.1.1 of annex 12 to annex B to resolution A.744(18) MSC.109(73) Carriage of voyage data recorders (VDRs) on existing cargo ships MSC.110(73) Mandatory ship reporting system MSC.111(73) Amendments to guidelines and criteria for ship reporting systems (resolution MSC.43(64)) MSC.112(73) Revised performance standards for shipborne global positioning (GPS) receiver equipment MSC.113(73) Revised performance standards for shipborne GLONASS receiver equipment MSC.114(73) Revised performance standards for shipborne DGPS and DGLONASS maritime radio beacon receiver equipment MSC.115(73) Revised performance standards for shipborne combined GPS/GLONASS receiver equipment MSC.116(73) Performance standards for marine transmitting heading devices (THDs) MSC.117(74) Amendments to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974, as amended MSC.118(74) Amendments to the International Code for the Safe Carriage of Packaged Irradiated Nuclear Fuel, Plutonium and High-Level Radioactive Wastes on Board Ships (INF Code) MSC.119(74) Amendments to the International Code of Safety for High-Speed Craft (1994 HSC Code) MSC.120(74) Amendments to the performance standards for float-free satellite emergency positionindicating radio beacons (EPIRBs) operating on 406 MHz (resolution A.810(19)) MSC.121(74) Use of the Spanish language in IMO instruments relating to maritime safety MSC.122(75) Adoption of the International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code MSC.123(75) Amendments to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974, as amended MSC.124(75) Amendments to the Protocol of 1988 relating to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974 MSC.125(75) Amendments to the Guidelines on the enhance programme of inspections during surveys of bulk carriers and oil tankers (resolution A.744(18) as amended) (Amends A.744(18)) MSC.126(75) Mandatory ship reporting systems MSC.127(75) Amendments to the existing mandatory ship reporting systems MSC.128(75) Performance standards for a bridge navigational watch alarm system (BNWAS) MSC.129(75) Maritime safety and safety-related radiocommunications MSC.130(75) Performance standards for Inmarsat ship earth stations capable of two-way communications MSC.131(75) Maintenance of a continuous listening watch on VHF channel by SOLAS ships whilst at sea and installation of VHF DSC facilities on non-SOLAS ships (Revokes MSC.77(69)) MSC.132(75) Amendments to the guidelines for emergency towing arrangements on tankers (resolution MSC.35(63)) (Amends MSC.35(63)) MARINE ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION COMMITTEE MEPC.1(II) Establishment of the list of substances to be annexed to the Protocol relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Marine Pollution by Substances Other Than Oil MEPC.2(VI) Recommendation on international effluent standards and guidelines for performance tests for sewage treatment plants MEPC.3(XII) Recommendation on the standard format of the crude oil washing operations and equipment manual MEPC.4(XIII) Recommendation regarding acceptance of oil content meters in oil tankers MEPC.5(XIII) Specification for oil/water interface detectors MEPC.6(XIV) Application of the provisions of Annex I of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto, on the discharge of oil in the Baltic Sea area MEPC.7(XV) Entries in oil record books on methods of disposal of residue MEPC.8(XVI) Discharge of oils not specified by the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil, 1954, as amended in 1962 and 1969 MEPC.9(17) Application of the provisions of Annex V of MARPOL 73/78 on the discharge of garbage in the Baltic Sea area MEPC.10(18) Application scheme for oil discharge monitoring and control systems MEPC.11(18) Guidelines for surveys under Annex I of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto MEPC.12(18) Regional arrangements for combating major incidents of marine pollution MEPC.13(19) Guidelines for plan approval and installation survey of oil discharge monitoring and control systems for oil tankers and environmental testing of control sections thereof MEPC.14(20) Amendments to Annex I of MARPOL 73/78 MEPC.15(21) Installation of oil discharge monitoring and control systems in existing oil tankers MEPC.16(22) Amendments to Annex II of MARPOL 73/78 MEPC.17(22) Implementation of Annex II of MARPOL 73/78 MEPC.18(22) Standards for procedures and arrangements for the discharge of noxious liquid substances (Amended by MEPC.62(35)) MEPC.19(22) International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (IBC Code) MEPC.20(22) Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (BCH Code) MEPC.21(22) Amendments to Protocol I to MARPOL 73/78 and the text of the Protocol, as amended, annexed thereto MEPC.22(22) Guidelines for reporting incidents involving harmful substances and the text of guidelines annexed thereto MEPC.23(22) The application of Annex II of MARPOL 73/78 on the discharge of noxious liquid substances in the Baltic Sea area MEPC.24(22) Amendments to the revised guidelines and specifications for oil discharge monitoring and control systems for oil tankers as adopted by the Organization by resolution A.586(14) and to the recommendations on international performance specifications for oily-water separating equipment and oil content meters adopted by the Organization by resolution A.393(X) MEPC.25(23) Guidelines for surveys under Annex II of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto (MARPOL 73/78) MEPC.26(23) Procedures for the control of ships and discharges under Annex II of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto (MARPOL 73/78) (Revoked by A.787(19)) MEPC.27(23) Categorization of liquid substances MEPC.28(24) Compliance with Annex II of MARPOL 73/78 MEPC.29(25) Amendments to the annex of the Protocol of 1978 relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 (Designation of the Gulf of Aden as a special area) MEPC.30(25) Guidelines for reporting incidents involving harmful substances MEPC.31(26) Establishment of the date of application of the provisions of regulation 5 of Annex V of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto, on the discharge of garbage in the Baltic Sea MEPC.32(27) Amendments to the International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (IBC Code) MEPC.33(27) Amendments to the Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (BCH Code) MEPC.34(27) Amendments to the annex of the Protocol of 1978 relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 (Appendices II and III of Annex II of MARPOL 73/78) MEPC.35(27) Implementation of Annex III of MARPOL 73/78 MEPC.36(28) Amendments to the annex of the Protocol of 1978 relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 (Amendments to Annex V of MARPOL 73/78) MEPC.37(28) Establishment of the date of application of the provisions of regulation 5 of Annex V of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto, on the discharge of garbage in the Baltic Sea MEPC.38(29) Application of the provisions of Annex IV of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto, on the discharge of sewage in the Baltic Sea area MEPC.39(29) Amendments to the annex of the Protocol of 1978 relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 (Introduction of the harmonized system of survey and certification under Annexes I and V of MARPOL 73/78) MEPC.40(29) Amendments to the International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (IBC Code) (Harmonized system of survey and certification) MEPC.41(29) Amendments to the Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (BCH Code) (Harmonized system of survey and certification) MEPC.42(30) Amendments to the annex of the Protocol of 1978 relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 (Designation of Antarctic area as a special area under Annex V of MARPOL 73/78) MEPC.43(30) Prevention of pollution by garbage in the Mediterranean MEPC.44(30) Identification of the Great Barrier Reef region as a particularly sensitive area MEPC.45(30) Protection of the Great Barrier Reef region MEPC.46(30) Measures to control potential adverse impacts associated with use of tributyl tin compounds in antifouling paints MEPC.47(31) Amendments to the annex of the Protocol of 1978 relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 (New regulation 26 and other amendments to Annex I of MARPOL 73/78) MEPC.48(31) Amendments to the annex of the Protocol of 1978 relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 (Designation of the Wider Caribbean area as a special area under Annex V of MARPOL 73/78) MEPC.49(31) Revision of the list of substances to be annexed to the Protocol relating to the Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Marine Pollution by Substances Other Than Oil MEPC.50(31) International guidelines for preventing the introduction of unwanted aquatic organisms and pathogens from ships' ballast water and sediment discharges MEPC.51(32) Amendments to the annex of the Protocol of 1978 relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 (Discharge criteria of Annex I of MARPOL 73/78) MEPC.52(32) Amendments to the annex of the Protocol of 1978 relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 (New regulations 13F and 13G and related amendments to Annex I of MARPOL 73/78) MEPC.53(32) Development of the capacity of ship scrapping for the smooth implementation of the amendments to Annex I of MARPOL 73/78 MEPC.54(32) Guidelines for the development of shipboard oil pollution emergency plans MEPC.55(33) Amendments to the International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (IBC Code) MEPC.56(33) Amendments to the Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (BCH Code) MEPC.57(33) Amendments to the annex of the Protocol of 1978 relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 (Designation of the Antarctic area as a special area and lists of liquid substances in Annex II) MEPC.58(33) Amendments to the annex of the Protocol of 1978 relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 (Revised Annex III) MEPC.59(33) Revised guidelines for the implementation of Annex V of MARPOL 73/78 (Superseded by MEPC.76(40)) MEPC.60(33) Guidelines and specifications for pollution prevention equipment for machinery space bilges of ships MEPC.61(34) Visibility limits of oil discharges of Annex I of MARPOL 73/78 MEPC.62(35) Amendments to the standards for procedures and arrangements for the discharge of noxious liquid substances MEPC.63(36) Oil tanker stability, operational safety and protection of the marine environment MEPC.64(36) Guidelines for approval of alternative structural or operational arrangements as called for in regulation 13G(7) of Annex I of MARPOL 73/78 MEPC.65(37) Amendments to the annex of the Protocol of 1978 relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 (Amendments to regulation 2 and new regulation 9 of Annex V) MEPC.66(37) Interim guidelines for the approval of alternative methods of design and construction of oil tankers under regulation 13F(5) of Annex I of MARPOL 73/78 MEPC.67(37) Guidelines on application of the precautionary approach in the context of specific IMO activities MEPC.68(38) Amendments to the annex of the Protocol of 1978 relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 (Amendments to Protocol I) MEPC.69(38) Amendments to the International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (IBC Code) MEPC.70(38) Amendments to the Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (BCH Code) MEPC.71(38) Guidelines for the development of garbage management plans MEPC.72(38) Revision of the list of substances to be annexed to the Protocol relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Marine Pollution by Substances other than Oil MEPC.73(39) Amendments to the International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (IBC Code, vague expressions) MEPC.74(40) Identification of the Archipelago of Sabana-Camagüey as a particularly sensitive area MEPC.75(40) Amendments to the annex of the Protocol of 1978 relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 (Amendments to regulation 10 and new regulation 25A of Annex I of MARPOL 73/78) MEPC.76(40) Standard specification for shipboard incinerators MEPC.77(41) Establishment of the date on which the amendments to regulation 10 of Annex I of MARPOL 73/78 in respect of the north-west European waters special area shall take effect MEPC.78(43) Amendments to the annex of the Protocol of 1978 relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 MEPC.79(43) Amendments to the International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (IBC Code) MEPC.80(43) Amendments to the Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (BCH Code) MEPC.81(43) Amendments to section 9 of the standard format for the COW Manual (resolution MEPC.3(XII)) MEPC.82(43) Guidelines for monitoring the world-wide average sulphur content of residual fuel oils supplied for use on board ships MEPC.83(44) Guidelines for ensuring the adequacy of port waste reception facilities MEPC.84(44) Amendments to the annex of the Protocol of 1978 relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution from Ships, 1973 MEPC.85(44) Guidelines for the development of shipboard marine pollution emergency plans for oil and/or noxious liquid substances MEPC.86(44) Amendments to the Guidelines for the development of shipboard oil pollution emergency plans MEPC.64(36) Guidelines for approval of alternative structural or operational arrangements as called for in regulation 13G(7) of Annex I of MARPOL 73/78 MEPC.65(37) Amendments to the annex of the Protocol of 1978 relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 (Amendments to regulation 2 and new regulation 9 of Annex V) MEPC.66(37) Interim guidelines for the approval of alternative methods of design and construction of oil tankers under regulation 13F(5) of Annex I of MARPOL 73/78 MEPC.67(37) Guidelines on application of the precautionary approach in the context of specific IMO activities MEPC.68(38) Amendments to the annex of the Protocol of 1978 relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 (Amendments to Protocol I) MEPC.69(38) Amendments to the International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (IBC Code) MEPC.70(38) Amendments to the Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (BCH Code) MEPC.71(38) Guidelines for the development of garbage management plans MEPC.72(38) Revision of the list of substances to be annexed to the Protocol relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Marine Pollution by Substances other than Oil MEPC.73(39) Amendments to the International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (IBC Code, vague expressions) MEPC.74(40) Identification of the Archipelago of Sabana-Camagüey as a particularly sensitive area MEPC.75(40) Amendments to the annex of the Protocol of 1978 relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 (Amendments to regulation 10 and new regulation 25A of Annex I of MARPOL 73/78) MEPC.76(40) Standard specification for shipboard incinerators MEPC.77(41) Establishment of the date on which the amendments to regulation 10 of Annex I of MARPOL 73/78 in respect of the north-west European waters special area shall take effect MEPC.78(43) Amendments to the annex of the Protocol of 1978 relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 MEPC.79(43) Amendments to the International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (IBC Code) MEPC.80(43) Amendments to the Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (BCH Code) MEPC.81(43) Amendments to section 9 of the standard format for the COW Manual (resolution MEPC.3(XII)) MEPC.82(43) Guidelines for monitoring the world-wide average sulphur content of residual fuel oils supplied for use on board ships MEPC.83(44) Guidelines for ensuring the adequacy of port waste reception facilities MEPC.84(44) Amendments to the annex of the Protocol of 1978 relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution from Ships, 1973 MEPC.85(44) Guidelines for the development of shipboard marine pollution emergency plans for oil and/or noxious liquid substances MEPC.86(44) Amendments to the Guidelines for the development of shipboard oil pollution emergency plans Index of IMO Resolutions, January 1959-May 2002 Page 46 Resolution number Resolution title (Status) REMERCIEMENTS Je souhaite remercier en premier lieu Ma Femme qui m'a permis de suivre cette année universitaire parallèlement à mon emploi pour sa patience et sa disponibilité. Je remercie Messieurs Ait Me douar et GHARBI HAMOUD pour leur approche très concrète de l'enseignement du droit maritime. Je remercie également Monsieur Ben Abderrahmane pour son dévouement et son professionnalisme et qui malgré un emploi du temps très chargé m'a entretenu sur le rôle indispensable des enquêtes accidents lors d'un entretien chaleureux. Je remercie Monsieur Gharbi Ha moud pour ses éclaircissements sur le sujet de la sûreté maritime au sein d'une grande compagnie maritime de portes conteneurs. TABLE DES MATIERES SOMMAIRE 1 TABLE DES ABREVIATIONS 2 INTRODUCTION 3 PREMIERE PARTIE : LA SECURITE MARITIME 6 SECTION I : SOURCE ET LEGITIMITE D'UNE REGLEMENTATION SANS CESSE EN ESSOR 6 SOUS SECTION I : GENESE D'UNE REGLEMENTATION EN FAVEUR DE L'AMELIORATION DE LA SECURITE MARITIME : 6 CHAPITRE I : LES EVENEMENTS DE MER ET LEUR ENSEIGNEMENT 6 §1.1 : LES CATASTROPHES INSTRUCTIVES 6 §1.2: LES ENQUÊTES ACCIDENTS 9 CHAPITRE II : DE LA POLITIQUE ATTENTISTE A L'OBLIGATION D'AGIR 14 §2.1 : LE CONTEXTE ECONOMIQUE, FREIN AUX PROGRES SECURITAIRE 14 §2.2 : LA PRESSION POPULAIRE COMME DYNAMIQUE SECURITAIRE 17 SOUS SECTION II : LEGITIMITE ET EFFICACITE DES DIFFERENTS NIVEAUX D'INTERVENTION 23 CHAPITRE I : LE NIVEAU SUPRA NATIONAL : ENTRE LEGITIMITE ET GLOBALITE 23 §1.1 : LE NIVEAU INTERNATIONAL 23 §1.2 : LE NIVEAU COMMUNAUTAIRE 27 CHAPITRE II : LE NIVEAU NATIONAL : ENTRE LEGITIMITE ET ISOLEMENT 34 §2.1 : LE NIVEAU ETATIQUE 34 §2.2 : LE NIVEAU REGIONAL 37 CHAPITRE III : MISE EN EVIDENCE DU ROLE DES DIFFERENTS INTERVENANTS PAR L'EXEMPLE TRES MEDIATISE DU BANISSEMENT DES NAVIRES PETROLIERS SIMPLE COQUE 38 §3.1 : OMI, LEADER DE LA REGLEMENTATION 39 §3.2 : APPARITION DES ETATS-UNIS ET DE L'UNION EUROPEENNE DANS LE DOMAINE DE L'ELABORATION DES TEXTES 40 SECTION II : DOMAINE DES TEXTES ET RESPECT DE LA REGLEMENTATION 44 SOUS SECTION I : LES TEXTES EXISTANTS ET LEUR DOMAINE 44 CHAPITRE I : LE FACTEUR HUMAINE 45 CHAPITRE II : LE FACTEUR TECHNIQUE 48 SOUS SECTION II :LES ACTEURS DE LA CHAÎNE DE SECURITE MARITIME 50 CHAPITRE I : LES ETATS 50 §1.1 L'ETAT DU PAVILLON : OBLIGATION ET DELAISSEMENT 50 §1.2. L'ETAT DU PORT : SUBSTITUT DE L'ETAT DU PAVILLON 54 CHAPITRE II : LES ORGANISMES PRIVES : 59 §2.1 LES SOCIETES DE CLASSIFICATIONS 59 §2.2 LES AUTRES ACTEURS 63 DEUXIEME PARTIE :VERS UNE NOUVELLE IDEE DE LA SECURITE MARITIME: LA SURETE MARITIME 67 SECTION I : EMERGENCE DE LA NOTION DE SÛRETE 67 SOUS SECTION I : LE CONTEXTE 67 CHAPITRE I : HISTORIQUE 67 CHAPITRE II : L'ASPECT ECONOMIQUE 70 §2.1 : COUT DE LA SURETE MARITIME 70 §2.2 : REPARTIR CE COUT 71 SOUS SECTION II : LES DEMARCHES SECURITAIRES 73 CHAPITRE I : DU COTE DES ETATS UNIS 74 CHAPITRE II : LES DEMARCHES SECURITAIRES DES INSTANCES INTERNATIONALES 76 §2.1 L'OMI 76 §2.2 L'OIT 76 §2.3 L'OMD 77 CHAPITRE III : LA DEMARCHE SECURITAIRE DE L'EUROPE 78 SECTION II : LES DIFFICULTES DE MISE EN OEUVRE 80 SOUS SECTION I : LES DIFFICULTES POLITIQUE OU DIPLOMATIQUE 80 CHAPITRE I : LE CAS DE LA CSI 80 CHAPITRE II : LE CAS DU CODE ISPS 82 SOUS SECTION II : LES DIFFICULTES DE LOGISTIQUE 83 CONCLUSION 86 BIBLIOGRAPHIE 88 TABLES DES ANNEXES 92 ANNEXES 93 REMERCIEMENTS 106 TABLE DES MATIERES 107 |
|
