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Entwicklung des à¶kotourismus gegenà¼ber der vorherrschaft des massentourismus in Europa: interessen und mà¶glichkeitenpar Thibault Pichet ESB Reutlingen - Hochschule Reutlingen - International Management Double Degree (IMX deutsch-französisch) 2021 |
4.2.3 EmpfehlungenNach den Ergebnissen der Untersuchung können wir Empfehlungen aussprechen, die in 4 Teile gegliedert sind. 50 Zunächst einmal scheint die Erziehung die Hauptrolle bei der Förderung und Entwicklung von ÖT zu spielen, da es für die meisten Europäer unbekannt ist. Die Schaffung eines Faches mit Bezug zur Ökologie und die Sensibilisierung für gute Praktiken soll auf europäischer Ebene umgesetzt werden, um Kinder zu motivieren, zu verstehen, was um sie herum passiert und welchen Einfluss sie selber auf die Umwelt haben. Die Erstellung von Fernsehkampagnen würde einen großen Teil der Bevölkerung erreichen. Sie können für die Jüngeren zwischen oder während Zeichentrickfilmen und für die Älteren während Nachrichten oder Werbespots eingefügt werden. Auch die Erstellung von Dokumentarfilmen über ÖT könnte ihm einen Schub« geben. Soziale Netzwerke sind auch ein wichtiger Punkt, um die Touristen von morgen zu erreichen. Die Einrichtung von Websites für ÖT-Bewusstsein, ÖT-Netzwerke wie Airbnb und der Austausch von Erfahrungen zu diesem Thema würden seine Entwicklung ermöglichen. Die junge Generation ist sehr abhängig von Influencern und Prominenten und wir müssen sie nutzen, um ÖT es zu werben. Reiseveranstalter, Beherbergungsbetriebe und Anbieter von Tourismuserlebnissen sollten in die Entwicklung von ÖT-Reisen eingebunden werden und diese auf ihren Websites bewerben, ohne in Greenwashing« zu verfallen. Darüber hinaus sollten Touristische Bücher mehr Aktivitäten außerhalb des Mainstreams und des MT anbieten. Zweitens muss sich die europäische Bevölkerung in Richtung sanfte Mobilität orientieren. Die EK sollte eine Kohlenstoffsteuer auf den europäischen Flugverkehr einführen und die Zugpreise senken, um den CO2-Fußabdruck der Reisenden zu minimieren. Die Benutzung von Zügen, Bussen oder Blablacar ist dem Fliegen oder Autofahren vorzuziehen. Die Förderung des Radfahrens sollte verstärkt werden, indem mehr Radwege in Europa geschaffen und die Menschen ermutigt werden, diese zu nutzen. Darüber hinaus ist die Veröffentlichung von Informationen über den CO2-Fußabdruck, der bei Agenturen und Transporten entsteht, notwendig und würde die Menschen für ihre Umweltauswirkungen sensibilisieren. Drittens ist die Zusammenarbeit zwischen den Staaten und der EU erforderlich. Dies sind die Parteien, die im Entscheidungsprozess die größte Bedeutung haben. Andere Parteien wie NGOs, Unternehmen oder lokale Gemeinden müssen genau zugehört werden. Der Informations- und Ideenfluss muss zwischen den verschiedenen Parteien nach oben und unten verlaufen. Die Entwicklung des ÖT sollte von den Staaten berücksichtigt und unterstützt werden, um die Massentourismusströme zu minimieren und die Umwelterziehung zu stärken. Die Einheimischen müssen sich ihrer ökotouristischen Potenziale bewusst sein, die entwickelt 51 werden können, um sozioökonomische Vorteile zu gewährleisten und den Touristen Umwelt-und Kulturwissen zu vermitteln. Die europäische Regierung sollte den Zustrom von Touristen mit der Schaffung von Quoten in bestimmten Gebieten begrenzen, um den Einwohnern das friedliche Leben zu ermöglichen und ihr natürliches und kulturelles Erbe zu erhalten. Außerdem sollte die Tourismuspolitik die Praxis des ÖT durch finanzielle Anreize wie Boni für seine Ausübung fördern. Viertens spielt der technologische Fortschritt eine Rolle bei der Entwicklung von Hilfsmitteln, die es ermöglichen, umweltbewusst zu reisen, weniger zu verbrauchen und Alternativen zu herkömmlichen Verkehrsmitteln anzubieten. Es kann dem ÖT helfen, durch die Mediatisierung auf verschiedenen Netzwerken bekannter zu werden. Schließlich sollten diejenigen, die ÖT praktizieren, andere dazu ermutigen, indem sie zeigen, wie sie von der Praxis profitieren können. Wenn diese Empfehlungen befolgt werden und die Forschung zu diesem Thema vervielfacht wird, wird sich der ÖT nicht nur entwickeln, sondern zu einer echten Alternative zum MT in Europa werden. 52 5 Fazit Diese Forschung hat dazu beigetragen, Lösungen zu finden, um die Praxis des ÖT besser bekannt und als nachhaltige Alternative zum MT in Europa anerkannt zu machen. Sie konzentrieren sich auf die folgenden Themen: Bildung und Bewusstsein, europäische Governance und Stakeholder-Beziehungen, die Nutzung von Medien und sozialen Netzwerken, die Nutzung des Verkehrs und schließlich technologische Entwicklungen. Die Fragen zu diesen Themen müssen von den Entscheidungsträgern erforscht und gelöst werden, um eine touristische Zukunft zu gewährleisten, die sowohl umweltfreundlich als auch sozioökonomisch vorteilhaft für die lokalen Gemeinden und die Stakeholder ist. Es wird festgestellt, dass Bildung und Sensibilisierung der wichtigste Bereich für die Entwicklung des ÖT ist. Sie können den Europäern bewusst machen, welchen Einfluss sie auf die Umwelt haben, welchen Reichtum der Kontinent und seine Naturgebiete haben und dass es beim Tourismus und beim Entdecken nicht nur darum geht, große Städte oder beliebtesten Touristenorte zu besuchen. Die Herausforderungen im Bereich ÖT sind wichtig, aber nicht unerreichbar und müssen langfristig ausgerichtet sein. Wissenschaftler sollten ihre Forschung zu diesem Thema fortsetzen, Projekte sollten gestartet werden, um das Wissen und die Praxis des ÖT zu verbessern und Fehler wie Greenwashing zu vermeiden. Auf diese Weise wird der ÖT seinen rechtmäßigen Platz auf unserem Kontinent bekommen und die Last des heutigen MT lindern. Außerdem kommt es auf die individuelle Verantwortung zurück, wo der Einzelne sich selbst in Frage stellt und aufhören muss, die Verantwortung an andere zu delegieren, um den ÖT zu verbreiten. Umwelterziehung ist für die nächsten Generationen notwendig, und einige Länder bieten bereits ein Fach mit Bezug zur Umwelt in ihrem Schullehrplan an. Es interessant, über ein europäisches Umweltprogramm für alle Schulstufen, insbesondere für die wäre jüngeren, nachzudenken und die folgende Frage zu beantworten: Wie kann man ein ausgewogenes Programm mit dem Schwerpunkt Umweltbildung auf unserem Kontinent einrichten? 53 6 Literatursverzeichnis
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Definition of mass tourism: « Mass tourism refers to the movement of a large number of organized tourists to popular holiday destinations for recreational purposes. It is a phenomenon which is characterized by the use of standardized package products and mass consumption. Conceptually, this type of tourism features standardized leisure products and experiences packaged for mass tourists » (A. Poon, 1993). Definition of ecotourism: « Environmentally responsible travel and visitation to relatively undisturbed natural areas, in order to enjoy and appreciate nature (and any accompanying cultural features - both past and present) that promotes conservation, has low visitor impact, and provides for beneficially active socioeconomic involvement of local populations. » (H. Ceballos-Lascurain, 1987) and « Understanding of the ecosystem and local culture » (Global Ecotourism Network, 2016). 66 Interview & Questions: T.P: Can you introduce me to your job and explain the purpose of it? How long have you been working in this sector? X: I evolved over three phases of 10 years. In the first phase I spent 10 years travelling around the world as a cultural and mountain guide, depending on the month of the year, I wore several hats. After that I worked for a foreign receptive in India and then I was in charge of production in different countries in Africa and Asia, including East Africa and countries like India, Myanmar, Bhutan, Sri-Lanka etc. I have been in this field for 40 years. I used to guide young people and take them on trekking tours in Corsica such as the GR20. At the age of 18, I had already started to supervise young people and then I took care of adults. T.P: Can you introduce the agency or the place where you worked? X: Tourism agencies are neighbourhood agencies; they don't build the programmes. I was a product manager or production manager, and I created the tourism programme. We are in contact with foreign countries, or we are receptive abroad to create travel programmes from A to Z which we sell to travel agencies in France for example. We are an intermediary between the service provider on the spot or we are already the service provider. This is what we call being a receptive agent. The tour operator is the one who puts programmes or brochures online and they are sold by the local tourist agencies or we have our own direct clients. But it is much more interesting than selling plane tickets and waiting for the customer in a travel agency. The tour operator can be an intermediary or we can have no intermediary if we have our own teams on site. When I travelled for 10 years, I was freelance, I worked for several companies that hired by circuit and I either took or didn't take. These were one-off contracts; I was almost overworked because sometimes I was away for 6 months of the year when I was doing a series of trekking tours. I sometimes stayed 4 months in the Himalayas without coming back. T.P: On which market do you have and are you positioned (age group, country, type of tourism)? X: I've done a bit of everything, for 10 years I accompanied groups of between 10 and 20 people and when I supervised seminars or sales forces there were sometimes more. I once organised a treasure hunt in Kathmandu for 400 people from EDF. It's very variable. They were people who worked, they weren't teenagers. The first years in Greece were adventure tours, so I left for four months and then it was young people who could be 25 years old. When I went to Nepal on thematic tours, it was more people with money. Trekking in the Himalayas can be expensive, you must be organised. I have done several types of tourism. I was able to stay in a five-star hotel and I also stayed in a tent for three days in the rain. The worst thing is that I enjoyed both. The countries I did the most were South America, Asia and Africa. I did a lot of "incentive" weekends, it's another form of tourism, it's a sales force that you take on an activity and through the activities you have to build team cohesion. For Europe, it is a real game, it is interesting, especially in Finland. You can do team building in all the capitals of Europe. In Finland, for example, people arrive at the airport, they have their motorbikes and their belongings ready, we leave for the hotel by snowmobile, the next day we go on an icebreaker, we go to bathe in the ice, we get out of the icebreaker, we go to eat in an igloo after having fished our salmon and then in the evening we leave again by snowmobile to arrive at a lodge and bathe in a wooden chalet. The next day, we went dog sledding. I've been able to work in teams of 20-30 people and sometimes we've had 150. It depends on the client's problem. I've worked in all kinds of areas depending on the opportunities. The strength is in the organisation on site and the organisation on the ground. I'm not at all interested in selling airline tickets, that wasn't my problem. 67 T.P: Which social class(es) do you work with? X: Everything, it could be workers from Peugeot or directors of large companies, it could be executives, it depends on the sales force. Then it's clients who are on holiday and who want to travel to a country according to their means and what they want to do, so we show them the programmes we propose. T.P: What types of stays do you offer to your customers in Europe? X: It was a bit of everything, even if for 50% there is a cultural part which is necessary. When you go to a European capital, for example, you go to see things, monuments or sites which are interesting afterwards, whether you do them in a horse-drawn carriage, on a quad, on horseback or by boat, you adapt according to what you want to do. T.P: What activities do you offer during your tourist trips in Europe? Why do you do this? X: Sometimes we go to the cities and sometimes we go out of town, we go to the countryside and we play a big game. It must be mixed, there must be a convivial part and a working part. Afterwards, we can't just stay in the city, we must do something else. T.P: Which mode of transport do you use when organising your tourist trips in Europe? Why do you do this? X: Three quarters of the time it was by plane, sometimes a charter, i.e. I rented a plane. We sometimes took the train to Belgium, but mainly by plane, of course. The aim was to save time, when you want to please a sales force and you have 4 days, you leave on Friday evening and you come back on Monday morning or Tuesday morning and then it's easy. T.P: What role does transport play in the European tourism sector? On a scale of 1 to 4, can you rate its importance? What can we improve? X: It's at least 50% because the boss isn't prepared to hire 50 cars to drive a day to go somewhere, he wants to get straight to the point, not lose a day. He wants to do a meeting, a conference or a seminar on the first day and he wants it to be very precise, very short. Even if we go to Reykjavik, Athens or Berlin, it has to be extremely dynamic, very rhythmic. I have also rented 5 planes for 1500 people to go to the desert, to Tozeur. For incentive or company trips, it's 4 out of 4. Afterwards, I think that if you're on a weekend, you have to go by train or by plane. If it's a stay, it can be negotiated by train, if they develop the train in Europe and apparently that's what they want to do if I understand correctly. You'll never be able to tell people to take the bike if they're families, it'll be complicated. Or it's people who are single, young or independent and they'll be able to take Blablacar, to fill the cars and have less of an ecological impact. Today, the SNCF offers Blablacar at the end of their lines. Around Paris, you can easily find Blablacar. You have boats, we have a very important network of rivers, canals that are not well known, a bit expensive, barges for a week already cost 1000 euros for 4-5 people, it's still expensive for families and you go at 4 km/h. Buses should be developed. For example, in the Alps there are already buses which cost two euros where you can travel thanks to the subsidies of the region which set up buses so that there are no more cars at the pass. It should be developed further. T.P: What types of accommodation do you offer? Why? X: We often try to do charming hotels with 3 stars or more. We also have an obligation to advise and when we have 2 stars or 1 star, we can't guarantee the quality of what we sell. It is difficult to see if it is clean as an intermediary, if people go through us, it is because they need a certain quality. 68 T.P: Do you take the environmental factor into account when designing tourist trips? Why? If so, how? X: It depends on the project in fact, what the client wants. In Europe, three quarters of the time, if they want to go through us, it's because there's a cultural part that they don't know how to do, they want a guide at the end, they want to see the essential. If they want to do ecotourism, they stay longer, if they want to learn about a way of life, how these people live, what their cultures are. There are big companies that ask for the ecological impact, they ask us to calculate the CO2 expenditure. In India, we had X CO2 expenditure per person in relation to the plane and with the X euros they replant something, they invest on the spot, or they help the local population. There is a demand. I've seen that in the last two years, but I hadn't seen that before. The big companies have an obligation to reinvest the environmental impact. T.P: How would you describe tourism in Europe today (in the 21st century)? X: People are happy to have seen all the cultural sites, but they haven't gone further, they haven't gone to see the inhabitants, they haven't gone to see the villages that surround the cities. They tend to say I have been to Italy because they have been to Venice once. The regional character is not sufficiently deepened. I did the photos; I went to Venice and I went to Saint Mark's Square for a coffee. It's a bit like someone who has travelled around the world in a month, he makes 12 stops, and he has visited each country for a day and then he says I have travelled around the world, Europe is a bit like that. I think they don't stay more than 3-4 days maximum. It's useful for weekends all year round, and then for those who go on holiday, it's often to the South, perhaps because they don't know it. I would like to differentiate between those who go on cultural trips and those who go on a leisure trip, those who go to clubs etc... Those who go to clubs, I can't even say that it's mass tourism, I don't even call it tourism. Those who make the effort to visit other cities when they go on a weekend, they only go to one city, so it's almost mass tourism because they fill their planes to go to one city and then they come back. Then there are those who leave in the summer for three weeks or a month to visit a country and there perhaps they take more care to get to know the regions, the way the inhabitants live, they are the ones who take the time, it's perhaps less mass tourism. The majority get a change of scenery for a weekend or 3-4 days, they don't go around Europe. T.P What do you see as the major challenges for the tourism sector in Europe? X: The problem is that the locals are not aware of their wealth. There should be regional actions which say: "Listen, you have this in your area, this is important, this is to be preserved, preserve it and make it known". It's all the heritage of each country, each tourist office of each region which must make efforts to make itself known. You can ride a horse in such and such a place, go and have lunch with the locals, go and meet the local winegrower who will make his way of life and cultivation known, then afterwards do a day of beekeeping and the next day go and do permaculture. They are not aware that they could exploit their knowledge and make it known, but they are not helped by the region, the village, or the town. It is the development of local tourism that would be interesting. T.P: What do you think about mass tourism in Europe? How do you interpret it? What is its purpose? X: It is the visit of the capitals and it will remain. We should take advantage of this tourism in the right way, for example by saying to someone "You are going to Vienna, but I suggest you go to the village next door and then you can go and do this", perhaps the person will be ready to see something else. 69 T.P: What are the advantages of mass tourism for you (social, economic and environmental)? The disadvantages? X: To safeguard our cultural and regional heritage and our identity, so that in 30 years' time we won't be in the mass where all the countries will be identical, where we'll eat the same thing. It's frightening that there are the same clothes shops in South America, Paris, Tokyo, India and others, whereas regionally we can have our know-how, we can keep our French cheeses. If we go elsewhere, it's because we want to know about other ways of life. If you only do cultural visits, the local authorities will have money to save Venice, the cathedrals of the cities or the pedestrian streets. They don't think about preserving the way of life of each region. In the big capitals you end up with the same thing, the same church, the same mosque and you don't go far enough, you don't go to meet the people, the way they live. Then it's pollution. T.P: How does your business relate to the conservation of the environment of the destination? X: When we took dogsleds instead of snowmobiles to go ice fishing, we were aware that the environmental impact was minimal compared to taking thirty snowmobiles and driving thirty kilometres one after the other. T.P: How does your business relate to the local communities in the destination? X: It depended on the specifications, the atmosphere they wanted to develop and according to the atmosphere they wanted to develop, I had to find a theme. My company was called Everest, in Nanterre, it was a marketing company, and I did all the trips for the companies. T.P: What do you think are the solutions to make mass tourism less destructive on our continent? X: We need to train all the hosts and each host to make an effort on their ecological footprint. There are many things that are changing, before the hotels changed the beds every day, now in every hotel you can say, "you don't change my sheets every day" to avoid the ecological footprint. The question of the swimming pool too, maybe in some seasons it's not necessary. You have to eat local too. If everyone calculated their ecological footprint according to the train, the car, and if everyone committed to saying: "You've lost ten trees, that costs so much CO2" and what you can do about it, I think people would become aware. People don't realise the impact; they are not aware of it. It's not that they're putting it aside except for those who are consuming in clubs' huge buffets with half of it being thrown away at lunchtime, that's violent or all the water jets, the swimming pools running. Everything that is clubs is to be banned. Then, we must make them aware and make sure that each person who takes the train, the plane and the car know how much their carbon footprint is. When you type "CO2 footprint" on the Internet, you can find it and calculate it yourself. An example would be when you are at the petrol pump, you take 60 litres of petrol and then the quantity of CO2 is displayed on the opposite side for information purposes. I think people would be interested to know what footprint it leaves, the aim being to offer the best possible carbon footprint. If we calculated the cost of transport and the footprint for each person and if people were sensitive and less selfish and didn't say "I live today and not tomorrow", everything would be different. They will realise quite quickly that carbon footprint and price go hand in hand, because I'm sure that if you have a smaller carbon footprint, it will cost you less. If you go by bike, it's going to cost you less, it's going to cost you time but it's not going to cost you money. There must be a systematic relationship between time and carbon footprint. 70 T.P: What do you think are the best alternatives to this type of tourism? X: I think people have already taken the step to stop going to clubs. With the Covid-19 perhaps, we can move towards a more nature-based tourism, going less far, there is no need to go to the seaside or the other side of the planet. Sometimes you go and look for something on the other side of the world that you can find close to home. Moreover, people realise on a daily basis that they don't necessarily have to travel 30 km a day to go to work. T.P: How do you define ecotourism? What do you think about eco-tourism? Do you offer ecotourism trips within your business? Why? X: Its having trouble starting, there's not much governmental will. It's an issue that interests me, if I were to start my professional life again, it's something that could interest me, everything is open in fact. It doesn't just depend on the tourist, there has to be local support. However, internationally, they all fly, even if on the spot they defend having small charming wooden and eco-friendly hotels. They don't suggest you take a bike or a train to go to the other side of the planet, there are limits. T.P: What do you see as the benefits (social, economic and environmental)? These disadvantages? X: The disadvantage is that we don't yet know how to get to the other side of the world with a zero-carbon footprint. The least we can do is to take the train. I think that air travel will decrease in favour of the train. After that, staying close to home all the time is not necessarily the solution. The advantages would be to get to know people better, other civilisations, other populations, other ways of life or regional traditions. The interest is not sufficiently developed, whereas if you had these interests, the game could be won. T.P: Can you rate the awareness of tourists in Europe about ecotourism (very low, low, high, very high)? Why? X: It's increasing, we'll say, we're starting from a very low base. Basically, it's very low. We have never asked ourselves questions about the carbon footprint, about pollution, we have always believed that the world was very big, but I have travelled a lot and I realised that the world was really very small. I calculated for Iceland by plane, it's 3h30, it's nothing at all. When you look at the map, you realise how small it is. You realise that in the end the Amazon forest is very small, I had the opportunity to go there thirty years ago, it was still much bigger. You realise that if we carry on like this, it will be lost in 50 years. We had the generation where we were lucky with the development, we took advantage of it but now we have to stop. We are a carefree generation, we didn't have job problems so we knew we would find them, we still had very interesting civilisations to see, to understand and to listen to. Today you have people at the other end of the world who have the same way of life as you, and before we could have the same costumes, the same way of eating, the same way of understanding, different religions, I think that's being lost, it's becoming homogenised, it's frightening in fact. All countries should refocus on their own identities. I think it will happen, but it shouldn't be too late. T.P: How can we raise their awareness of eco-tourism? To more responsible practices? X: It's the responsibility of the public authorities because afterwards you can't do anything on your own. If you don't have the region, if you don't have the village, if you don't have the town hall, if you don't have people who go to the regions to say, "You have this, this is your wealth, you should develop it", this is fundamental for me. It's important to develop it region by region, after the regions make themselves known to the other regions. There is a lot of groundwork to be done. It's also the 71 responsibility of the tour operators, it's up to us to make proposals. It's also the responsibility of newspapers, television, all the media in fact. We should put more programmes or have a television channel on the subject. In other countries, they are doing much better, TV5 Monde for example is doing much better than us, we don't know how to do anything other than American content, it's hell. They do what people like, so we have to change our minds. T.P: In your opinion, what would be the most effective ways to promote eco-tourism in Europe? On the supply side (Key words: Governments, Travel agencies, Tourist offices)? On the demand side (Keyword: Citizens)? X: I think I've already mentioned it during the conversation. Some people have started, the whole trekking part because trekkers are sensitive to hire the local cook, trekkers have started to be aware to go and see the small villages in the mountains. We must continue. As far as demand is concerned, we need to produce regional guides with addresses, people who have set up their own small businesses, or even develop an Internet site, I speak about books because I am the book generation. For example, you try to go and see a region in Austria, you don't know which one to choose so you'll take the main roads, and you'll visit around the main roads but if a region introduces you to an aspect of its region, maybe you'll want to go to that region and not to another. There are no details, except for the one who says I absolutely want to go to Finland, or take my bike and go to Amsterdam, there you will have a book, you will have a guidebook, you will have information, you will have the hotel, but that's what people who already know what they want. But to make someone aware of it through a programme, a book, you can do it and it's missing. In the younger generation, the use of social networks would be interesting for this subject. T.P: Rate the importance of the media in promoting ecotourism (from 1 to 4)? Why? X: At least 3, people need to have access to knowledge at all. T.P: What measures can we put in place to move towards more environmentally friendly tourism and local communities? (Rules, taxes etc.)? X: We could propose a tax to lighten its carbon footprint, such as an additional 80-euro carbon tax. Today you are offered to do it or not to do it but it could be imposed. Someone who can afford to pay a 1000 € ticket to go to the other side of the planet and who is told that for 80 euros more they will plant 15 trees; I am in favour. T.P: What means can we put in place in terms of innovations or developments to move towards tourism that is more respectful of the environment and local communities? X: For example, I think it's great in France, and for the moment we have always appreciated as hikers that hiking trails are free. But if tomorrow I am told that animal species, birds or beehives are going to be planted, that this has a cost and that it is proposed to pay 1 euro per day per hiker because the paths are exploited and maintained, I don't see any problem with that. Putting a budget on this kind of thing so that the locals can develop their areas and safeguard biodiversity is a great idea. T.P: Rate the success of European governance policies in the tourism sector (very weak, weak, strong, very strong)? What are the problems? What should be improved? X: First of all, it's different from one country to another, it's a political problem because there have to be ecologists in government, otherwise it's complicated. We've reached a point where it's not easy to discuss with people who prefer yield and profitability. At the same time, it's not their fault to say that everyone needs to work, that investments are needed to develop, but not by developing 4x4s or UVs, 72 something else should be done. In the tourism sector, he only thinks about the profitability side, which is the main drawback. If all the villages report to all the town councils and all the regional leaders their willingness for the local communities to defend their shares, then I think we'll get there, but for the moment it's more top-down than bottom-up in terms of information. T.P: What do you think of the introduction of quotas in certain places (e.g., Dubrovnik and its old town)? X: Having experienced it, I find it normal when you know Dubrovnik in the middle of the season, you don't move anymore and it's a nightmare for the locals. Dubrovnik used to have shopkeepers, locals, fruit sellers, markets, there was everything, but now Dubrovnik has become a museum city where there are no locals, it's the same thing for Venice, there are many cities like that where the local city has been transformed into a fake museum for pseudo tourists who come to enjoy themselves. There should be a minimum quota of locals and a maximum quota of tourists. In Venice today there are hardly any locals left and it costs them a lot of money. It's the same for the Ile de Ré, it's the same at all levels, it destroys the local heritage. You have to accept that you have time slots or that there are fewer people. The whole economy of Dubrovnik is composed of restaurants and souvenir shops and it's a nightmare. T.P: Rate the importance of technological change in the tourism sector (from 1 to 4)? How can technological development benefit tourism in the future? X: That would be 3, it's giving a huge dictionary of everything that can be done to make people want to evolve. You should have the knowledge and ability to use green travel. This could alleviate this problem from one end to the other. T.P: Evaluate the idea of introducing a subject related to ecology (including a part on ecotourism) in the school curriculum of Europeans (from 1 to 4)? What do you think of this idea? X: Yes, of course, 4, they have to be made aware of this at a very early stage, that's clear. T.P: How do you think European tourism will evolve in the coming years? X: After Covid-19, there will perhaps be an awareness, perhaps people will take the plane less out of envy. There will be less of this behaviour: "Look, the weather is nice, I'd like to go somewhere for a weekend, I'll go to Madrid or somewhere else". I've been known to go for a weekend to Hong Kong, Reunion or Mauritius, even if the plane was paid for, and I'd leave on a night flight on Friday evening and come back on Monday morning, and these are things that I think will more or less disappear. There will perhaps be more webinars to take advantage of professional training on countries, to show what there is to do. There are maybe sites that will develop to say that in your neighbourhood, you are not far from nice things. For example, if you go 50 km away, you have a horse farm where you can ride horses. T.P: What did you learn from your experience in this field? What advice do you have? What are the mistakes to avoid? X: The tourist footprint is not insignificant, I'm aware that we've screwed up a certain number of cultures but that it's not lost because there haven't been three generations in between. There are many locals abroad who want to return to their origins, who don't necessarily want to enter an economic system like in Europe. I think we need to return to our traditional values. The mistakes to avoid would be to try to inculcate your own way of life in others. As Europeans, we have a responsibility in this 73 respect. You have to respect the other, the other's culture and not want to tell them: "Do as we do". This is where we can save the richness of the Earth, the richness of languages, populations, gastronomy, accommodation, the way of life, the culture. As Europeans, we have a responsibility in this respect. END OF INTERVIEW Anhang B: Interviewleitfaden - Semidirektives Interview - Hauptinterviews INTERVIEW GUIDELINE - SEMI-DIRECTIVE
The purpose of the individual interview is to guide me in the reflection and writing of my final dissertation. The theme of my dissertation is tourism, more particularly mass tourism and eco-tourism in Europe. The two types of tourism mentioned above have been chosen since we are at a time when mass tourism is reaching its limits (accentuated with Covid-19) and solutions such as eco-tourism must be used and developed to ensure a sustainable tourism in the future. The choice to focus on Europe is justified by its attractiveness since the continent represents 50% of the world's tourist flows. Moreover, it is easier to focus on the European continent rather than on the whole world. To approach my research in a more concrete way, here is my question: How can eco-tourism become a sustainable alternative to mass tourism in 74 Europe? To answer this question, part of my reasoning concerns the vision, practices, and awareness of eco-tourism in Europe. The interview will mainly allow me to affirm or contradict the hypotheses I have formulated but also to support my research on eco-tourism awareness and education. Other points about tourism will also be addressed. Finally, I have chosen to interview people of European nationalities between 18 and 25 years old since this generation represents the tourism of tomorrow, that it has grown up and has been made aware of the need to protect the environment. The fact that you are international students is an important point. It shows that you have already travelled, that you have stayed for several weeks in a foreign country and that you had the opportunity to discover new horizons. These factors were decisive in selecting the people to be interviewed.
Definition of mass tourism: « Mass tourism refers to the movement of a large number of organized tourists to popular holiday destinations for recreational purposes. It is a phenomenon which is characterized by the use of standardized package products and mass consumption. Conceptually, this type of tourism features standardized leisure products and experiences packaged for mass tourists » (A. Poon, 1993). Definition of ecotourism: « Environmentally responsible travel and visitation to relatively undisturbed natural areas, in order to enjoy and appreciate nature (and any accompanying cultural features - both past and present) that promotes conservation, has low visitor impact, and provides for beneficially active socioeconomic involvement of local populations. » (IT. Ceballos-Lascurain, 1987) and « Understanding of the ecosystem and local culture » (Global Ecotourism Network, 2016). 75 5. Interview & Questions: |
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