BIBLIOGRAPHIE
Amy L. Rice et al. La malnutrition: cause
sous-jacente des décès de l'enfant par maladies infectieuses dans
les pays en développement, 2000
B. Arzel et al. Malnutrition et
inégalités sociales, 2005
Claudio Araujo, Jean François Brun et Jean Louis
combes. Econométrie (repères, cours et application),
2004
Dominique and Jonathan Haughton. Explaining
child nutrition in Vietnam, 1997
Haddad and Oshaug. How Does the Human Rights
Perspective Help to Shape the Food and Nutrition Policy Research Agenda?
1998
Kangni Kpodar, Manuel d'initiation à
Stata (Version 8), Janvier 2005
Monica Das Gupta. Improving child nutrition
outcomes in India, 2005
ANNEXES
xtreg chmal safew femsed des gdp democ var1 var2,re
Random-effects GLS regression Number of obs
= 179
Group variable (i): id Number of groups
= 63
R-sq: within = 0.4078 Obs per group:
min = 2
between = 0.4065
avg = 2.8
overall = 0.4062
max = 5
Random effects u_i ~ Gaussian Wald chi2(7)
= 115.64
corr(u_i, X) = 0 (assumed) Prob > chi2
= 0.0000
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
chmal | Coef. Std. Err. z P>|z| [95%
Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
safew | -.0729228 .0374185 -1.95
0.051 -.1462617 .0004162
femsed | -.1405696 .0548179 -2.56
0.010 -.2480107 -.0331285
des | -.0528704 .021092 -2.51
0.012 -.09421 -.0115308
gdp | -.0052844 .0017472 -3.02
0.002 -.008709 -.0018599
democ | -.4826657 .4270883 -1.13
0.258 -1.319743 .3544119
var1 | 9.28e-06 4.33e-06 2.14 0.032
7.82e-07 .0000178
var2 | 4.72e-07 1.76e-07 2.69 0.007
1.28e-07 8.16e-07
_cons | 114.9489 25.18242 4.56 0.000
65.59229 164.3056
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
sigma_u | 10.635114
sigma_e | 4.4335881
rho | .85194069 (fraction of variance due to u_i)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 1: statistiques
descriptives
Variable | Mean Std. Dev. Min Max |
Observations
-----------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------
chmal overall | 24.62522 15.04972 .9 71.3 |
N = 179
between | 14.26103
1.65 66.15 | n = 63
within | 4.535403
10.53722 38.71322 | T-bar = 2.84127
|
|
safew overall | 56.17655 23.67131 6 100 |
N = 179
between | 21.47801
15.5 99 | n = 63
within | 10.25317
29.17655 87.92655 | T-bar = 2.84127
|
|
femsed overall | 33.85494 22.47135 2.5 88 |
N = 179
between | 21.60507
3.7 81.54 | n = 63
within | 6.871134
12.05494 53.55494 | T-bar = 2.84127
|
|
des overall | 2360.017 331.2081 1592 3284 |
N = 179
between | 308.453
1676 3084.5 | n = 63
within | 126.191
1953.017 2778.017 | T-bar = 2.84127
|
|
gdp overall | 2305.518 1779.101 305.67 8611.6 |
N = 179
between | 1683.671
341.015 6739.525 | n = 63
within | 438.9313
897.8685 5046.463 | T-bar = 2.84127
|
|
democ overall | 3.51676 1.673404 1 7 |
N = 179
between | 1.494365
1 6.875 | n = 63
within | .7734626
1.01676 6.26676 | T-bar = 2.84127
|
|
var1 overall | 5678765 1632458 2534464 1.08e+07 |
N = 179
between | 1514901 2816032 9559571 |
n = 63
within | 619395.1 3577556 7803239 |
T-bar = 2.84127
|
|
var2 overall | 8462935 1.26e+07 93434.16 7.42e+07 |
N = 179
between | 1.12e+07 117540.5 4.56e+07 |
n = 63
within | 4780719 -7094668 4.56e+07 |
T-bar = 2.84127
Tableau a
Random-effects GLS regression Number of obs
= 179
Group variable (i): id Number of groups
= 63
R-sq: within = 0.3824 Obs per group:
min = 2
between = 0.5043
avg = 2.8
overall = 0.5062
max = 5
Random effects u_i ~ Gaussian Wald chi2(8)
= 129.69
corr(u_i, X) = 0 (assumed) Prob > chi2
= 0.0000
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
chmal | Coef. Std. Err. z P>|z| [95%
Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
safew | -.0615283 .0377593 -1.63 0.103
-.1355351 .0124785
femsed | -.1579551 .0546584 -2.89 0.004
-.2650835 -.0508267
des | -.0501669 .0211588 -2.37 0.018
-.0916373 -.0086964
gdp | -.0068795 .0017638 -3.90 0.000
-.0103365 -.0034226
democ | -.6246848 .4320048 -1.45 0.148
-1.471399 .222029
Ass | -7.863557 2.652675 -2.96 0.003
-13.0627 -2.664409
var1 | 8.81e-06 4.34e-06 2.03 0.042
3.04e-07 .0000173
var2 | 6.09e-07 1.79e-07 3.41 0.001
2.59e-07 9.59e-07
_cons | 117.019 25.31839 4.62 0.000
67.39584 166.6421
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
sigma_u | 9.4628794
sigma_e | 4.4431958
rho | .81935825 (fraction of variance due to u_i)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tableau b
Random-effects GLS regression Number of obs
= 179
Group variable (i): id Number of groups
= 63
R-sq: within = 0.4082 Obs per group:
min = 2
between = 0.7033
avg = 2.8
overall = 0.6962
max = 5
Random effects u_i ~ Gaussian Wald chi2(8)
= 216.40
corr(u_i, X) = 0 (assumed) Prob > chi2
= 0.0000
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
chmal | Coef. Std. Err. z P>|z| [95%
Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
safew | -.0634679 .0351803 -1.80 0.071
-.13242 .0054841
femsed | -.1672294 .0484569 -3.45 0.001
-.2622032 -.0722556
des | -.0591712 .0198586 -2.98 0.003
-.0980934 -.0202491
gdp | -.0040248 .0015262 -2.64 0.008
-.007016 -.0010335
democ | -.2124011 .4018657 -0.53 0.597
-1.000043 .5752411
asie | 19.46549 2.514976 7.74 0.000
14.53623 24.39475
var1 | .0000106 4.06e-06 2.61 0.009
2.62e-06 .0000185
var2 | 3.75e-07 1.62e-07 2.32 0.020
5.84e-08 6.92e-07
_cons | 115.7883 23.67189 4.89 0.000
69.3922 162.1843
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
sigma_u | 7.3908877
sigma_e | 4.4335881
rho | .73537703 (fraction of variance due to u_i)
Tableau c
Random-effects GLS regression Number of obs
= 179
Group variable (i): id Number of groups
= 63
R-sq: within = 0.4061 Obs per group:
min = 2
between = 0.4223
avg = 2.8
overall = 0.4206
max = 5
Random effects u_i ~ Gaussian Wald chi2(8)
= 116.75
corr(u_i, X) = 0 (assumed) Prob > chi2
= 0.0000
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
chmal | Coef. Std. Err. z P>|z| [95%
Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
safew | -.0756199 .0375299 -2.01 0.044
-.1491772 -.0020627
femsed | -.1344177 .0551019 -2.44 0.015
-.2424154 -.0264201
des | -.0519027 .0211213 -2.46 0.014
-.0932996 -.0105058
gdp | -.0044597 .0019226 -2.32 0.020
-.0082278 -.0006916
democ | -.3786569 .4388791 -0.86 0.388
-1.238844 .4815304
amer | -3.808827 3.685886 -1.03 0.301
-11.03303 3.415377
var1 | 8.93e-06 4.35e-06 2.05 0.040
4.08e-07 .0000175
var2 | 4.06e-07 1.87e-07 2.17 0.030
3.99e-08 7.73e-07
_cons | 113.9466 25.21165 4.52 0.000
64.53268 163.3605
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
sigma_u | 10.597076
sigma_e | 4.4335881
rho | .85103449 (fraction of variance due to u_i)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Test joint pour les diffétences
régionales
Random-effects GLS regression Number of obs
= 179
Group variable (i): id Number of groups
= 63
R-sq: within = 0.4100 Obs per group:
min = 2
between = 0.7040
avg = 2.8
overall = 0.7007
max = 5
Random effects u_i ~ Gaussian Wald chi2(10)
= 213.99
corr(u_i, X) = 0 (assumed) Prob > chi2
= 0.0000
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
chmal | Coef. Std. Err. z P>|z| [95%
Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
safew | -.0604726 .0355092 -1.70 0.089
-.1300693 .0091242
femsed | -.1742798 .0493862 -3.53 0.000
-.2710751 -.0774846
des | -.0603856 .0200467 -3.01 0.003
-.0996765 -.0210947
gdp | -.0046053 .0017075 -2.70 0.007
-.007952 -.0012586
democ | -.3048312 .4159567 -0.73 0.464
-1.120091 .5104289
var1 | .0000109 4.12e-06 2.66 0.008
2.87e-06 .000019
var2 | 4.23e-07 1.74e-07 2.43 0.015
8.22e-08 7.64e-07
Ass | -.1241447 2.923945 -0.04 0.966
-5.854971 5.606681
asie | 20.08716 3.390911 5.92 0.000
13.44109 26.73322
amer | 2.390122 3.401495 0.70 0.482
-4.276685 9.056929
_cons | 117.12 23.77698 4.93 0.000
70.51799 163.722
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
sigma_u | 7.5018673
sigma_e | 4.4431958
rho | .74030533 (fraction of variance due to u_i)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
test Ass asie amer
( 1) Ass = 0
( 2) asie = 0
( 3) amer = 0
chi2( 3) = 59.33
Prob > chi2 =
0.0000
Tableau d: Les seuils de prévalence de la
malnutrition
|
|
|
Prévalence de la malnutrition
|
|
|
|
faible
|
Moyenne
|
élevée
|
très élevée
|
|
Retard de croissance
|
< 2O
|
20--29
|
30--39
|
= 40
|
|
Insuffisance pondérale
|
< 10
|
10--19
|
20--29
|
= 30
|
|
Emaciation
|
< 5
|
5--9
|
10--14
|
= 15
|
|
Source: OMS,1997 :
http//www.who.int/nutgrowthdb/about/introduction/en/print.html
|
Tentatives d'instrumentation des variables des et
gdp
xtreg des desr femsed safew gdp democ var1 var2,re
Random-effects GLS regression Number of obs
= 116
Group variable (i): id Number of groups
= 63
R-sq: within = 0.9908 Obs per group:
min = 1
between = 0.9926
avg = 1.8
overall = 0.9934
max = 4
Random effects u_i ~ Gaussian Wald chi2(7)
= 13320.72
corr(u_i, X) = 0 (assumed) Prob > chi2
= 0.0000
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
des | Coef. Std. Err. z P>|z| [95%
Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
desr | -.0271257 .0104588 -2.59 0.009
-.0476245 -.0066269
femsed | -.1765366 .188886 -0.93 0.350
-.5467465 .1936732
safew | .1583751 .1351922 1.17 0.241
-.1065967 .4233469
gdp | .0126273 .0057275 2.20 0.027
.0014017 .023853
democ | 4.002892 1.456974 2.75 0.006
1.147276 6.858508
var1 | .0002028 2.57e-06 78.97 0.000
.0001977 .0002078
var2 | -1.56e-06 5.22e-07 -2.98 0.003
-2.58e-06 -5.33e-07
_cons | 1236.222 20.44502 60.47 0.000
1196.151 1276.294
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
sigma_u | 29.848202
sigma_e | 10.717996
rho | .88578594 (fraction of variance due to u_i)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
predict res2,e
(63 missing values generated)
xtreg gdp gdpr femsed safew democ var1 var2,re
Random-effects GLS regression Number of obs
= 116
Group variable (i): id Number of groups
= 63
R-sq: within = 0.9148 Obs per group:
min = 1
between = 0.9848
avg = 1.8
overall = 0.9819
max = 4
Random effects u_i ~ Gaussian Wald chi2(6)
= 3168.20
corr(u_i, X) = 0 (assumed) Prob > chi2
= 0.0000
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
gdp | Coef. Std. Err. z P>|z| [95%
Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
gdpr | .3898027 .0355982 10.95 0.000
.3200315 .4595739
femsed | 5.927072 1.937253 3.06 0.002
2.130126 9.724019
safew | 2.702005 1.721878 1.57 0.117
-.6728128 6.076823
democ | -14.56549 18.81409 -0.77 0.439
-51.44043 22.30945
var1 | .0000678 .0000242 2.80 0.005
.0000203 .0001153
var2 | .0000745 3.26e-06 22.86 0.000
.0000681 .0000809
_cons | 104.5504 138.3647 0.76 0.450
-166.6395 375.7404
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
sigma_u | 196.83002
sigma_e | 138.10355
rho | .67010796 (fraction of variance due to u_i)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
predict res1,e
(63 missing values generated)
xtreg chmal safew femsed des gdp democ var1 var2 res2
res1,re
Random-effects GLS regression Number of obs
= 116
Group variable (i): id Number of groups
= 63
R-sq: within = 0.1272 Obs per group:
min = 1
between = 0.4909
avg = 1.8
overall = 0.4720
max = 4
Random effects u_i ~ Gaussian Wald chi2(9)
= 64.24
corr(u_i, X) = 0 (assumed) Prob > chi2
= 0.0000
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
chmal | Coef. Std. Err. z P>|z| [95%
Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
safew | -.0102579 .0542928 -0.19 0.850
-.1166698 .096154
femsed | -.0207767 .0720456 -0.29 0.773
-.1619835 .1204301
des | .0279598 .0469644 0.60 0.552
-.0640887 .1200084
gdp | -.0102693 .0026252 -3.91 0.000
-.0154147 -.0051239
democ | -.744575 .6119889 -1.22 0.224
-1.944051 .4549012
var1 | -6.13e-06 9.40e-06 -0.65 0.514
-.0000246 .0000123
var2 | 9.01e-07 2.54e-07 3.55 0.000
4.03e-07 1.40e-06
res2 | -.1308313 .0816576 -1.60 0.109
-.2908774 .0292147
res1 | .0025414 .0041498 0.61 0.540
-.005592 .0106749
_cons | 12.01765 56.40751 0.21 0.831
-98.53904 122.5743
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
sigma_u | 9.3151279
sigma_e | 4.4393346
rho | .81491528 (fraction of variance due to u_i)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
test res2 res1
( 1) res2 = 0
( 2) res1 = 0
chi2( 2) = 3.16
Prob > chi2 = 0.2059
| 
