Memoire Online - Willingness to pay of the notability for local leadership empowerment in the ngweshe chiefdom

Willingness to pay of the notability for local leadership empowerment in Ngweshe chiefdom

IN MEMORIAM

To you,close sister Rebecca AKENGESA BAHAYA, your death two weeks ago has left undesired the fulfillment of this work; may you find herethe voice given to your feelings of participatingto its public presentation.

With love and out of kindness to the moment we've shared on earth, may your Soul rest in Peace!

DEDICATION

This paper is altogether dedicated to you, late sister Rebecca AKENGESA Bahaya; you were till recently cherishing science before the abrupt everlasting physicaldisappearence rose...

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I acknowledge my almighty God for having tooled and allowed me until the moment this work is done.

Thereafter, my thanks are addressed to the academic and scientific professionals and the other workforce members of the UniversitéCatholique de Bukavu who have born our circus until the current acquired level.

To ProfessorCélestin BUCEKUDERHWA Bashige and Assistant Jeanne-Nicole MUGOLI Menemenefor the demonstration of lots of care, expertise and amandements brought to the entire research.

To my parents Valentin BAHAYA and Jeanette NZIGIRE; and siblings - the BAHAYAs - for their love and support. This is one of proves of your determination.

To my cousin and great friend Rodrigue BAHATI and family's to whom I owe a big share of this achievement. Your self-denialis a shining light to a bright and fantastic family's future youth.

To Uncles Jean BITEGESI and KAMUNGU Mushegerha and their whole familieswhose support has remained indestructible.

To Cousin Jules FIREMBA,BrotherJeremie BASIMANE; Sister Sylvie MUHIMUZIand their respective families for having been tied to my cause and success. Your sacrifices are a big light to a bright and fantastic united family.

To academic close friends Jonathan MUJINJI Bazibuhe and Guillaume ZIRIMWABAGABO Mufinjwa who took start and end with me the academic venture.

Much thanks as well to MrKapena Jean-Exaucé, the Balezi's, the great family of apostles, the UCB English club members.

Thereafter to all academic fellows, social friends and other persons omitted here; may you admit my greatest pleasure to acknowledge all the forms of support provided during my hard but useful career.

ACRONYMS

ABSTRACT

Pooling for local leadership empowerment in Ngweshe chiefdomremains a useful action for local leadership survival. Local development of the region appealed for different resources to thrive as many as challenges have risen over the recent years. Accordingly, decentralization has not covered the living conditions of the rural citizens living in the corner. The current inverstigation assessed notables' WTP on the one hand and its determinants on the other hand.Results indicate that notables have remained strongly tied to their nativeland. It resorted to a snowball technique to collect data on 180 native notables. With the use of Contingent valuation and applying the interval regression method through Stata 14.0, the research has revealed that the mean expressed WTP is $ 443.6262 to be yearly given. To this is tied a caution to the chieftaincy to be transparent and accountable in scheme accomplishment. Educational level, the number of persons of notoriety in the notables' organization, notable monthly income, trust in local leaders, assets index were found significant variables.

Key words: Willingness to pay, Contingent valuation, Chiefdom, Local leadership, Notable, Development, Ngweshe, Bukavu, DR Congo

RESUME

Contribuer pour la chefferie de Ngweshe est une action importante pour la survie du leadership local. Le développement local de la région a besoin de diverses ressources pour prospérer faces aux multiples défis qui se sont levés au cours de récentes années. A ce sujet, la décentralisation n'a pas couvert les conditions de viedes populations rurales dans ledit coin.La présente recherche a évalué d'une part le CAP des notables vivant à Bukavu et d'autre part ses déterminants. Les résultats montrent que les notables sont restés très attachés à leur région natale. Elle a recouru à la technique de boule de neige pour collecter les données sur 180 notables natifs de Ngweshe. En utilisant l'évaluation contingente et en appliquant la régression par intervalle à l'aide du logiciel Stata 14.0, la recherche révèle que le Consentement à payer moyen exprimé par les notables est de 443.6262 dollars américains par an. A ces résultats sont liés une attention adressée aux chefs locaux d'être transparents et redevables dans l'accomplissement des projets. Les variables niveau d'éducation, le nombre de personnes de notoriété dans l'association de notables, le revenu mensuel du notable, la confiance dans le leadership local et l'indice des actifs se sont révélées significatives.

Mots clés: Consentement à payer, évaluation contingente, chefferie, leadership local, notable, développement, Ngweshe, Bukavu, RD Congo.

INTRODUCTION

Notability has been quite a long time tied to local leadership in seek of impeccable performance of local governance (Genieys et al., 2000). Currently, local leadership is still internationally deemed as an irrefutable means to promote development in remote and disadvantaged regions (Rodriguez-Pose and Tijmstra, 2007; OECD, 2015;Uddin, 2019). Power transfer from central to municipalities' elites is since reputed to nurture notable locally engaged socioeconomic progress (OECD, 2015; Islam et al., 2019;Uddin, 2019).

Nevertheless, local leaders have been undermined by considerable challenges to attain their target (Jha and Bhalla, 2018; Uddin, 2019). Mostly the situation is largely common to lower income countries (LIC's) (Marysse, 2005; Gaynor, 2014). In fact, the most of these countries have largely shown their incapacity to efficiently assure development in municipalities (Romeo, 2013; Islam et al., 2019; Uddin, 2019). Some of them maintain their control on municipalities, which in return sets back local entities (Huque, 2014). Although lots of agreements have been internationally signed regarding sustainable development, many governments are far from the direct line leading to this target (Strange and Bayley, 2008). Despite engagements and verbal determination from long date; their strategies to strengthen local leadership usually fade to failure (Khan, 2012).

This problem is largely observable in numerous countries worldwide. In Africa, in fact, the 1990s passed as decisively reformative throughout decentralization (Erk, 2018). Local leaders in collaboration with folks and their own attached notability were considered as hard hyphen elements to boost local development (OECD, 2015; UNDP, 2015; Paarlberg and Yoshioka, 2016). This expectation was deemed successful regarding numerous monumental work accomplished under several notables across other countries. For instance, the development of movements of cooperatives in Germany or the construction of the «Statue de Liberté» (Balemba and al., 2018). Such reforms aimed at bettering democracy and policy performance through creating strong local governments dealing with local folks (Chigwata, 2015). While a few decades have faded, essays undertaken around the continent didn't work in many countries (Romeo, 2013). According to him, rather than working as autonomous localities, local governments are politized and remain under states leaders' commend who immerse them into an extremist dependence. Such a contrast in legal texts and empirical application of decentralization announces unproductive issues of the policy (Romeo, 2013, Islam et al., 2019, Zongwe, 2019).

Predominantly in Sub-Saharan countries, local governments are affected by the same scourge (Englebert and Kasongo, 2016). Applied macroeconomic policies are no longer sufficient to lead to sustainable economic growth (Swinburn and Yatta, 2006). A situation which indirectly diminishes national effect at local leadership. Local leaders lack means to tackle their politics and consequently bear their citizens' living standard improvement (UN-HABITAT, 2010).

Democratic Republic of the Congo runs since the 1960's governance challenges, bribery, insecurity, inequality distortion and a widespread poverty (USIP, 2011; Maswana, 2018). To solve the matter, the country believed in decentralization to bring a wholesome wave but, hell of it, some worries have been noticed a few years after the 2006's democratic elections denoting imperfections in legal applications of the retrocession process (Englebert and Kasongo, 2016; Zongwe, 2019). Local leadership suffers from weak institutions and political accountability mostly nourished at high level of state decision makers (Gaynor, 2014).

Decentralization has been used as a means to collect funds from bottom to central authorities followed by a provincial reduced management capacity of revenues to be shared to substantial entities (BAD and FAD 2009; Englebert and Kasongo, 2016). Recently, provincial governors nationwide began claiming at the Congolese Central Government to pay back their arrears whereas local leaders in the Territorial Decentralized Entities have eyes turned at national reallocation for their empowerment but without success.^1(*) Since donors jeopardize decentralization fulfillment (Martinez-Vazquez and Vaillancourt, 2011), in default of consistent means, local governments fail to introduce policies and schemes sensitive to provoke local economic raise (Masango, 2002; Zongwe, 2019) in a context of an impoverished nation wanting a prompt development (UNDP, 2013).

Local leadership empowerment, as a key factor of development, has interested several researchers worldwide. Local government is an important center of service delivery as it is closer to the people (OECD, 2015; Islam et al., 2019; Uddin, 2019). A local leader at the present time plays various roles than in the past (UNDP, 2015; Wall and Luther, 2015). As well, Nahavandi (2000) insists on the fact that a leader's efficiency depends on his group's level of performance. Local development should hence be supported by all local forces like local folks, notability, religious authorities through human capital empowerment for productivity enhancement (UNDP, 2015). Moreover, a proficient local leader owes to assure residents' satisfaction and is required to be preparedness for all subsequent disasters that in all likelihood may affect them (Hall et al., 2015; OECD, 2015; Targa-AIDE and Collectif et Modernité, 2015). People should then objectively grant their local leadership to initiate various projects at the bottom. For instance, the World Bank has noticed a rising in local levy collection in Ibanda Commune and Kabare chiefdom from 7% to 12%^2(*), a success that led up to beginning generalizing of the process nationwide.^3(*)

Besides, there exists a flurry of work carried on local developmental leadership but very little match with notability. Republic of South Africa (1998), UN-HABITAT (2010), Myerson (2011), Nkwana (2012), OECD (2015), Huque (2014), Wall and Luther (2015), Targa-AIDE and Collectif et Modernité (2015). Myerson (2011), Nkwana (2012), Targa-AIDE and CollectifetModernité (2015) extol a net transfer of a few assignments of competence from central to local leaders. Huque (2014) highlights the absence of appropriated strategies and facilities for local leaders development in Bangladesh due to the state leaders oversees and lets a shadow on meaningful policies to putdown the challenge. Such OECD (2015) states four local leadership features: they are ambitious and give a new positive hope mostly after crisis, they vision the future to define a new development path and significant strategies to face dynamics, put down coordination failures and lastly recognize that they make positive progress in terms of valuable economic and employment opportunities. Accordingly, Carmen and Kristina (2009), Nkwana(2012), OECD (2015), local leaders should be accountable and transparent with people they lead for more faith renewability.

Also, Schlachter et al. (2013) finds some key challenges of local development directly or indirectly related to fiscal crisis in Pennsylvania, of which managing the budgetary demands of decreased revenues, increased service demands and the costs of unfunded state and federal mandates, and meeting the demands of infrastructure and its associated costs. In fact, Zhang (1996) and Lai (2010) explain how the Chinese Deng Xiaoping's 1979 reforms decentralized the economic pole and resulted in a popular participation and consecutively an impressive growth in the 1980s-1990s that undeniably set non-negotiable foundation of the current Chinese economic openings. Rather than seeing the community like a national policy abider, Carmen and Kristina (2009), Wall and Luther (2015) and OECD (2015) confirm the horizontal relationship between local leaders and residents with different role to play throughout positive insights to development. A local leader is hence undermined by central and communal requirement he should successfully link and fully respond to local developmental challenges (Wall and Luther, 2015; Islam et al., 2019).

But Crook (2003) whose research concerned Africa matches local leader's capacity to mitigate poverty with the degree of local-state leader's relationship. He concluded his research stating that decentralization did not empower challenges to local leaders in Africa because they remained indifferent or against pro-poor policies. For Trautman (2013), the key factors of state failure in DRC are outdated state infrastructure, lack of economic development, and external intervention . Marysse (2005) has asseverated that the motivational text related to the proposal of law on decentralization in DRC aims at realizingequilibrium between attributions and means in the decentralized units. Notwithstanding, and exactly, Martinez-Vazquez and Vaillancourt (2011) support the obstacle of decentralization reforms to have political and economic origins. In contrast with such research issues, UN-HABITAT (2010) finds that applied municipal policies in Gaborone diminished the rate of street beggars and street boys. UNDP (2013) as well shows positive results in local-based infrastructures within the Congolese Territorial Decentralized Entities. Not so far, Peemans (2015) support the existence of a huge potentiality of a «peasantry mode of development» in DR Congo whose effect shall rely on initiatives and fights of an organized peasantry world.

Though prior papers such as DFID (2008), Targa-AIDE and Collectif et Modernité (2015) have suggested a local leadership promotion assured by government or/ and NGOs on the one hand and UNDP (2015) Englebert and Kasongo (2016) and Uddin (2019) suggesting to empower folks under local government institutions on the other hand, this work supports local leadership partly born by native notables in search of development. Notables dwelling in Bukavu would help to finance local-based investment needed for their provenance countryside's development. Accounting for this issue requires mainly assessing Willingness to pay of the notability towards local leadership empowerment in the Chiefdom of Ngweshe. Also, the research specifically aims at denoting what are the determinants of their willingness to pay. Local leadership will here refer to local Chieftaincy, chiefs of groupings whereas notability will concern individuals with higher notoriety, or the nature of wealth. As well, confidence renewal resulting from this common acting-line is likely to accelerate the process with worth of positive economic outcomes.

The Contingent valuation method (CVM) shall be applied in data collection on the notability of Bukavu town issued from the Chiefdom of Ngweshe. An ample literature has recommended the use of The CVM since it aims at clarify the amount to be pooled in a policy-maker's perspective Hanemann (1989); Carson (2000); Duberstein and Steiguer (2003); Dror, Radermacher and Koren (2006); Vassilis and Kostas (2010).An interval regression shall help to assess the determinants of WTP and the amount consented as did Corso et al. (2013) and Labii (2015). Given the method, this paper will capture for how much major individuals will to pay to reinforce local leadership in their entity.

The paper dwells on three chapters after an introducing part and passes off with a conclusion. The literature review as first chapter is devoted to exposing an overview of the availed flow of knowledge on the matter whose study is the ineluctable goal of this paper. The second chapter concerns the research methodology. It gives exhaustive elicitations on how the research has evolved with tools and methods used for the purpose. At last, the third is the study and interpretation of findings that provides a response to our concern and works out the present research.

Chapter one: LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter brings to light the available precognition flows on the research issue. It is subdivided into three main sections: the conceptual framework, theories and hypotheses building on variables.

I. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The conceptual framework as the first section is about to define and explicit the research concepts setting this topic.

I.1. Local leadership empowerment

What leadership is? How did it rise across eras? What should be understood as local leadership empowerment?The present subsection comes to answer these questions.

The concept of leadership

Leadership is as old as societies have been made up. An important wave of changes till the current consideration has been noticed over eras. Therefore, during the antiquity, leadership was attributed to either divine or mythic source. A huge establishment of kingdoms and empires has followed and was set on the same ideology. For instance, the Roman Kingdom, the Trojan kingdom, the Greece empire, Carthage, etc. At these times, leaders passed to be authoritarian, insulated from others, liked overdone obedience, and misused fear and abuse to pressure folks. As a result, people were persuaded that only a few individuals were able to lead. In contrast, in the course of Middle Age, power has been continuously transferred from kings to parliaments. Thus, there intervenesa question of source of power. Rousseau (1762) in his «Social Contract» insisted on the population as source of authority. The lift-off of democracy made elected leaders to be accountable vis-à-vis to people they represented. However, it has been noticed that most of time they were not accountable and that they were misusing their authority than people could want. In the contemporary times, yet democratic process is applied to design the leader but people no longer understand that being accountable depend on one leader's will. Reason why, all over the world, some nations adopted democracy, while others are under despotism. Currently, leadership has taken an institutional and organizational trend viewed as a combination of inborn and achieved qualities.

Many authors have attempted to define, with some differences, the concept leadership. Some particularly selected are UNDP (2006), Smith (2010), Ganta and Manukonda (2014) and Madanchian et al. (2017).

In fact, Smith (2010) considers leadership as the ability to adapt the setting so everyone feels empowered to contribute creatively to solve the problems.

Madanchian et al. (2017) likewise deems that «the effective leader creates the situation that is best for the organization through the use of skills and process.»

The most global consideration of leadership comes from UNDP (2006) for which the vision of leadership is to focus on the relationship of individuals to the group, concentrating on the development of the collective rather than on a single role in the whole. So, leadership depends on both power - the ability to influence people - and authority - the ability to influence decisions-making and resource allocation. (UNDP, 2006).

The definition brings out that a leader should demonstrate meaningful qualities helping him to perceive or expect a problem, to define effective strategies to resolve it. Therefore, a collective action is needed from collective hands without which a leader will struggle into inefficiency and failure.

In the same boat, Ganta and Manikonda (2014) consider as leadership, «a kind of power where one person has the ability to influence or change the values, the beliefs, behavior and attitudes of another person». Though their definitions are not altogether different, important precisions are pinned on. In its core, it proposes a profound alteration in one's inner. Another consignment is advanced by Huque (2014) for whom local leadership in underdeveloped countries is related to traditional and cultural aspects of power and authority, and their application on how leading localities. In that event, four categories of local leadership were given by Khan (1999) including elder or senior village headmen, dispute settlers, village politicians, and people acknowledged as men of honor.

In this study, a «local leader» refers to a traditionally-established and traditionally-tied (elected or designed) authority whose purpose is to lead and defend folks' interests in general. They are here considered to be established in countryside rather than in town, to lead rural folks rather than urban and maintain their control in their entities rather than nearby town. This definition is inspired from attributions and duties of rural chieftaincy toward their folks around the chiefdom.

Local leadership empwowerment is thus approached as an act by which an individual undertakes to strengthen local leadership in order to archieve it objectives through one or more mechanisms, such as monetary donation, assets, capacity building, etc. This study preaches contributions of notables dwelling in bukavu to ermpower local leaders only taking into account monetary donation. This is consecutive to the insignificant amount allowed to these authorities in terms of retrocession to boost local development in their entity. Though there is no legal obligation to do so, moral and social obligations can be tied to that practive already lauched in gain of the chiefdom.

I.2. Notable

«Notable» is an old concept whose sence has changed depending to the variability of governance and eras. A very broad and recent consideration of the concept «notable» recognizes notables, within social groups, as personnalities of a supposedly important rank, destined to have particular ascendancy and a dominating influence on the other members of the society. The concept of Notable is therefore inseparable from that of social hierarchy; sometimes they can be personnalities to which the population spontaneously recognizes a particular importance which distinguishes them from others.^4(*)People are notable owing to public responsibility, accomplishment or, even mere participations in the celebrity industry.» (The Leverson enquiry, 2012).

The concept appeared in the history in Gaules (France) in the post evolution as leaders of municipalities.Hence appeared a class of local regime replacing the notability and bourgeoisie. Charles (1997) support that in the area, a notable was defined considering the nature of their social; economic and political resources that he held within the configuration of a particular political regime. But during the independence, for instance Morocco, but alsoin the former running colonization, public authorities have consolidated one category of leader in particular: the traditional notable; a designation based on ethnic and lineage affiliation in political mobilization (Tozy, 2009). The traditional notable asserted his legitimacy on his direct relationship with agents of the state, on a large land property (obtained by inheritance and/or because one of the redistribution of the lands of the colonists by the independent state) and on other resources distributed by the state such as grants.

I.3. Chieftaincy

According to Bob-Milliar (2009), chieftaincy is defined as «an indigenous system of governance with executive, juridical and legislative powers». There are various forms of traditional rulership found in Africa prior to colonialism (Boakye and Béland, 2018). The literature pins various kinds of rulership through different district styles described as chieftaincy (Boakye and Béland, 2018). However, the kind of power they exercises remains totally different.

The term chieftaincy or chief was a creation of colonial administrators (Bob-Milliar, 2009) who allowed definable titles to the traditional leaders they met - chiefs and warrant - for the purpose of making categories within their administrative structure (Boakye and Béland, 2018).

II.THEORIES

After the above-mentioned overview of the research concepts, this other share gives an overview on the way that local governance is legally set in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It first provides a laconic material on what is to be considered as local governance through which local leaders emerge and how they are legally supported either politically or economically. The purpose of both trends' combination is attempting to develop local entities. The following sub-section as for it provides several ways to reinforce local governance throughout the available literature.

II.1. Local government in Democratic Republic of the Congo

III.1.1. Governance organization

In DR Congo, the form of governance has been seen as a result of a great wave of confrontation between a unitary-ruled state and federalism supporters. This controversy led to the creation of new provinces and within them decentralization was established (BAD and FAD, 2009; Englebert and Kasongo, 2016). The article 2 and 3 of the constitution and article 3-5 of the organic law no. 08/016 of 7 October 2008 relative to the composition; organization and functioning of the decentralized territorial entities and their relations with the state and provinces distinguish three kinds of territorial entities. They are provinces, Decentralized Territorial Entities (EntitésTerritorialesDécentralisés) and Deconcentrated Territorial Entities (EntitésTerritorialesDéconcentrées).This legislation breaks with the past by the fact that it directly preaches decentralization for which the golden rule is to consolidate national unity, eroded by successive wars, and to create impetus and development centers at the grassroots (Zongwe, 2019). Are considered as Deconcentrated Territorial Entities: territories, quarters, groupings and village. On the other hand, cities, communes, sectors and chiefdoms compose the category of Decentralized Territorial Entities. At the local level, the head of the executive is the mayor (maire), burgomaster (bourgmestre), head of sector (chef de secteur), and head of chiefdom (chef de chefferie), in accordance with the territorial entity under which they exercise their authority: cities, communes, sectors and chiefdoms, respectively (Zongwe, 2019).

Specifically, the Congolese law defines the chiefdom (chefferie) as a group of homogenous traditional communities organized and led in reference to customary laws (Zongwe, 2019). Among the other Decentralized Territorial Entities and Deconcentrated Territorial Entities; it is the only one to which a legal personality is recognized. In such a situation, the Congolese central government recognizes and vests the leader of chiefdoms. He is appointed in terms of the applicable customary law.

III.1.2. Legal financial disposal for local governance and failure of decentralization

The Congolese law requires a net autonomy and separation of each local entity's budget from the others'. The constitution of the DR Congo defines in its article 203, as modified by the law n° 11/002 of January 20, 2011, the establishment of taxes including exercise and consumer taxes. It requires, however, the avoidance of tax duplication between provinces and the central government. Furthermore, the revenue-sharing formula and financial transfers from central toward the province should legally translate 50% of national tax revenue, transfers of 40% of the national tax revenue directly to provinces and 10% to the National Equalization Fund (Caisse National de Perequation) and the remaining 50% are kept at national level (BAD and FAD, 2009).

But as deem Englebert and Kasongo (2016) and Zongwe (2019), the budgets of provinces and other entities remain meager to tackle their policy and strengthen their faith towards the folks they lead. As a result, the mission of decentralization has not come closer to its fulfillment. Only a slice of the reforms that the Congolese nation has waited for has been undertaken. This is mainly due to a much narrowed share of the budget allowed to decentralization on one side, and an unfulfilled application and disbursement of the amount towards political entities (Englebert and Kasongo, 2016).

*Undermined by 2011 constitutional reform which authorizes the president to move provincial governors and appoint new ones.

***Undermined by subsequent appointment of «special commissioners» by the president, and suspension of provincial assemblies.

****Aside from ex post audits by «cour des comptes» in 2013 for the 2011 accounts of seven provinces^5(*)

Near from this fact, three provinces (Katanga, Kinshasa and Kongo Central) receive about 90% of total amounts of retrocession whereas others remain very far behind. In 2013, for instance, Katanga received U.S.USD 300 million, and respectively 54 and 21 million allocated to Kinshasa and Kongo Central.

II.2. Empowering local leadership

II.2.1. Empowerment through skills building

The experience of public participation in local governments has not yet effectively matched with the legislations and community expectation (Panday, 2019). The structure of power distribution in local government, the level of maturity of political parties and institutions, and other unnumbered factors can be a veritable setback to leaders' designation. Other factors like social structure, low level of literacy, social mobility and demand of national development in the country deepens chaotic effects on local leadership (Huque, 2014). He further emphasizes that political instability in local entities produces significant shakes in the economic thrive lowering developmental actions initiated to put down obstacles to local development (Huque, 2014).A bidirectional hold can mostly result from the source of income used up local leaders. As known, it is evident that all administrations need means to realize their goals (OECD, 2015). Sources vary from a leader to another. Most of times, in a well-bordered region, all local leaders do not access identically to resources (Englebert and Kasongo, 2016). Such differences create in a country two categories of local leaders. Those yet empowered by their entity's resources relatively abide for national orders preventing them from shattering their citizens' interest, others with meaningless resources bow and serve national leaders especially in Less Developed Countries (Englebert and Kasongo, 2016). Thus, leaders can easily abandon their assigned mission of serving the population. When arrangements aiming at preparing leaders for local government altogether fail, in developing countries mainly, informal sectors are locally used to fund local leadership running. While local leadership remains strongly needed in the true process of development, a few worries remain on their capacity to exactly set policies and objectively use funds in interest of their population (Caldeira et al., 2012).

Fiszbein (1997) and Huque (2014) visibly exploit that challenge respectively in Columbia and Bangladesh. Of course, local leaders should be well formed because all undertaken actions in their function results in success or failure of their folks. Leadership development attempts to involve the participation and commitment of the current and potential leaders, provide them with a process of skills building connect them to additional information and resources to open them to big progress in their community.

The role played by responsible and innovative policies in strengthening the capacity of local governments is quite complex. First, a local leader is well placed to prompt local administration under his control to improve its performance and, as a result, generate demand for capacity-enhancing activities. Second, they should be a key element to provide local capacity (Fiszbein, 1997). Local administration should also exploit the internal underused strength in the process; the existence of latent unused force in the administration. In a nutshell, important arsenal of wisdom and know-how is requisite for a dynamic and liberal local leader.

II.2.2. Empowerment through communal participation

Involvement of the community through formal or informal channels like voicing demand, making choice or being involved in project done either by an individual or a community is another form to enhance sustainable local leadership (Fiszbein, 1997). According to Sopchokchai (1996), one approach in creating sustainable rural development is through giving to the community an opportunity to plan and think their own future. As residents get to stand as contributors and monitors, notable progress can raise and the level of leaders' accountability can also thrive with such participation. But the extent to which community participation is transformed and results into capacity enhancement depends on inclination and to a certain extent boldness of local administration (Fiszbein, 1997). The experience of Colombian reforms in the fading nineteenth focused on facilitating the participation of citizens through an opening of their nearby administration. Without any shadow of doubt, the approach to public policy has succeeded in Villedupar. What is a good and practical example of collaboration of local leadership and the community, and extensively of notability. As realized in Villadupar, advances Fiszbein (1997), community participation became the tenor and base of villadupar's development while in municipal offices leaders motive them through a remarkable sentence «we govern with your participation». As it is noticed in the work of Ozor and Nwankwo (2008), the true success of a comprehensive economic and social development programs in the context of Nigeria is primarily dependent to the extent it improves the well-being of rural human beings. Additionally, there is no sustainable community development under force and order. But rather than being petrifying the community, it is like to be achieved when all actors are ready participating and share constructive ideas, visions, responsibilities equally and democratically in implementing communal or village development schemes (Ajayi and Otuya, 2006).

II.2.2.1 The place of WTP in decision and achievement

It is notwithstanding conventional to use compensation and equivalent variations when capturing the effect of price changes on welfare. Both measures respectively correspond to the maximum amount an individual would be willing to pay (WTP) and the minimum amount somebody would be willing to accept (WTA) to forgo it (Hanneman, 1989).

Principally arisen to measure the value of public goods and services, the concept WTP remains currently used in contingent valuation concerns. That is, attribution of non-market goods or resources.^6(*) Three streams have stuck on the contingent valuation method. The first, which is dominant in the literature, uses contingent valuation in experiments in the field of environment. Respondents were asked to express the maximum amount they would like to give. The second took another form of bidding games whereas the third principally mattered of statistical model of data process (Alberini and Kahn, 2006; Labii, 2015). The guidance is indeed the utility provided by the good to be acquired by means after disbursement. The following subsection shows the principals on which is set this relationship between utility and WTP.

II.2.2.2. Willingness to pay as a result of one's preference

The notion of willingness to pay broadly roots from consumer's demand function (Varian, 1992). Opting for paying can be beheld as the translation of one's utility got from a related good or service (Varian, 1992; Jha and Bhalla, 2018). But being unwilling to pay for a commodity should not intuitively pass as an evidence of total absence of willingness to pay (Matraia et al., 2006). It all depends on the opportunity cost that forgoing a slight share of one's income implies (Jha and Bhalla, 2018).

Jha and Bhalla (2018) hereon highlight willingness to engage and the ability to engage referring to community aptitude to contribute for contending poverty. Associated engagement thus relies on sensitization of new community members to lift the impact of their action toward the target.

Let's then consider a collection of consumers as referred to Varian (1992). Each one of them faces a demand function for some k commodities so that a consumer's demand function becomes a vector

for

Note: goods are indicated by superscripts while consumers are indicated by subscripts.

Aggregating these individual demands helps to obtain a unique aggregate demand function

defined by

.Then, the aggregate demand for goods

can be denoted by

; with m, the vector of incomes

). As a centralizing function, the aggregate function is made of individual demand function characteristics. A reference is for instance directly taken from continuity of the individual demand function. Assume a consumer is able to acquire only one chair for given price

. At any other price

such as

exceeds the initial price

, consumer

demands zero of the good. On the other hand, each other price

inferior or equal to

implies

's consumption of one unit of the good. From this demonstration, consumer's preference can be ranked by the means of this set of prices:

such as [

] represents consumer willingness to pay side and, in contrast, at

the consumer can't face the proposed price higher than the initial price and, as result, none is disposed to pay.

Indeed, WTP of public goods such as environment conservation or getting comfortable infrastructure is relatively complex. In light of this, better is to understand how WTP varies regarding to the transparency of institutions.

II.2.2.3. Institutional trust and Willingness to pay

When people are needed to pool for a common good or service, what first happens for each one of them is somehow hedonic. Gain motives first their decisions towards disbursing for a given realization. Multiple are those kinds of communal schemes that have failed and so are state-folks cooperation in specific developmental ventures when one of the part is not seriously engaged in the ideology and practical fulfillment.

From that mood, willingness to pay is affected by the institutional trust (Macias and Williams, 2014). Jin (2013) defines institutional trust as «the extent to which citizens have confidence in public institutions to operate in the best interest of society and its constituents». The credibility and legitimacy of developmental policies reflect a successful fulfillment of people's trust in institutions (Islam et al., 2019; Uddin, 2019). "The lower the level of trust in the state actors tasked with the provision of the public good, the lower the likely valuation individuals will attach to the good in question which ultimately affects their WTP toward its provision" (Marbuah, 2016). Other needful elements in bettering community-governance interaction are transparency and accountability of the ruling regime. Both elements must be conveyed through access to information (Ampa, 2018). The issue of mistrust in institutions has been found to be one of the main reasons for citizens' protest responses and lower WTP in many environmental valuation studies (Jones et al., 2008; Polyzouet al., 2011).

II.2.3. The place of diaspora in local development

Diasporas have got increasingly various roles to play in rural development (JMDIMD, 2011). Flows of migrant transfers are becoming increasingly important comparatively to other regions in some countries. In Senegal for instance, the World Bank and CRES (2009) have noticed the highest share of transfers from the diaspora in direction of rural areas. They also noticed that many of the migrant were issued from countrysides in search of good living conditions. This would have led to expecting important rapprochements between development practitioners on one side and policy makers on the other side. Since, governments carry on policies and measures that are favorable to flourishing important activities. (OIM and MPI, 2012; Africa-Europe Platform, 2014). Doing so, governments set lucid conditions allowing diaspora to directly send financial means as easily as possible to home residents in their country. Diasporas are therefore like a core potential for lighting several ways to intervene in assuring the current and future development process (Africa-Europe Platform, 2014; Nishikant and Priyanka, 2018). This is mainly because they originally issued from their peasant community with whom they share the same culture, language, local insights and emotional ties. Cohen (1980) in Brinkerhoff (2008) identifies a range of features common to Diasporas including:

· An idealization of the putative ancestral home and a collective commitment to its maintenance, restoration, safety and prosperity, even to its creation.

· A strong ethnic group consciousness sustained over a long time and based on a sense of distinctiveness, a common history and the belief in a common fate, and

· A sense of empathy and solidarity with co-ethnic members in other countries of settlement.

All these features are requisite in fighting against poverty with regard to development of communities' identity, where members boost their tie to home culture and subsequent values. Diaspora then becomes consequently empowered to community livelihood changes, additional information and communication technology facilitating them to remain tied to their homeland community (Africa-Europe Platform, 2014).

In Europe, there are currently a lot of African diaspora organizations and groups with high philanthropic purpose for rural and community development in the homeland countries (Africa-Europe Platform, 2014). Most of them are located in North-western Europe while others are spread in other European countries like France, UK, Germany, etc. Organizations located in France were found to actively intervene in Africa. The main share of transfers is allowed to West African and Maghreb countries. Meaningful diaspora remittances are recorded from East Africa related to Somalia, Ethiopia and Kenya; and Zimbabwe, Angola and the Republic of South Africa from the South African region. Diaspora groups from the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Cameroon in Central Africa and from Cape Verde are also actively involved in rural and community development in their country of origin (Africa-Europe Platform, 2014).

Globally, these characteristics of remittances discussed above show that transfers, often characterized by stability and absence of cyclicality, could have a significant impact in bringing to light the economic pressure on receivers while, based on the criterion of sustainability, financial flows diminish over time owing to the fading of the migrant's motivation. This paper examines the WTP of internal notables that have migrated from their chiefdom for dwelling in Bukavu town in the nick of time of development.

III. HYPOTHESES BUILDING ON THE RESEARCH TOPIC

Scholars on willingness to pay are numerous. Although these step aside in several fields, they usually have in common certain variables. Age of the respondent, educational level, notable's income, etc. are variable empirically used to assess one's willingness to pay (Miwoto et al., 2017). In this research, a lot of variables are retained such as age of the notable, years of schooling, index of assets, amount of educational burden, starting price in the referendum, grouping selected for scheme, Household size, income, etc. These variables are ranged over one regression function as independent variables with Willingness to pay as dependent variable. Thus, to illustrate the model, a built theoretical design is in opposite given:

As abovementioned, analyses are carried on what determines notables WTP through scheme of leadership empowerment. That is, to reinforce and support local leaders to realize developmental project in Ngweshe.

As already said, eleven variables are used here to assess the power determinors of Willingness to pay. Hypothesis built on them consider H0 when results don't confirm the expected

The link between age and WTP remains unpredictable. In fact, studies like Cortina et al; (2014) and ILO (2019) deem that migration opens young women and men to opportunities for obtaining productive and comfortable jobs, improve their socio-economic status, learn new skills, and raise their physical and human capital. The statement means in other words that young are more likely to realize higher income. Explaining this statement also refers to a prior work of Gimba and Kumshe (2011) who found that 77% of rural-urban migrants were less than 40 years. Mowito et al. (2017) later show that more an individual is older more he is conscious with advantages of forest conservation and consequently can provide much for his native region. Dror, Radermacher and Koren et al (2006) for instance found age being significantly positively associated with WTP. Fonta et al. (2011) as well assessed in Bambalang community of Ngoketunjia Division, North West Province, in Cameroon confirms the result; these researchers used a logarithm of age to test which link would result from a contingent valuation analysis predicate community-based project they found a positive link between age and acceptance.

An expectation sustained by Kuepie (2018) show that household size, as a translation of fertility, drops the well-being of members through all per capita consumptions (food, human capital, housing and durable goods) in Madagascar. Announced as a burden, it may prevent the notability from disbursing some amount to home leaders. Very earlier, Arthur (2005) shows that family size is an important instrument of trading-off whether a family or an individual is poor. When they are already married or have other individuals to directly support in the urban area, at a set level of income, rural migrants' willingness to pay for rural development drops in response to some alteration implied by additional burden. Deficiency in the provenance countryside can be since observed through shortage in investment and household's consumption, a setback to rural development (Saika, 2010; FAO, 2018).

Taking a side in the link between level of education with participation would be equivocal. In fact, two contrasting voices have risen from the literature deeming simultaneously positive and negative relationship. When individuals leave the countryside migrating to town, among them are schooled and non-schooled individuals. Besides the movement, migrants with high education level incorporate qualities and knowledge that is used to raise urban productivity rather than allowing rural production and food auto-sufficiency. According to Gimba and Kumshe (2011), when instructed individuals leave the countryside they town the town productive though counts against rural thrive. What visibly undermines rural development and implies countryside of origin struggle under, continuous poverty. In contrast, Fonta et al. (2011), Borjas (2016) and Mowito et al. (2017) asseverate that numerous years at school permits to acquire knowledge and, relatively, consenting to be an actor in a leadership improvement project is higher as greater are the number of years spent at school. The variable level of education was found significant at 99% by Mowito et al. (2017). As for Ajayi (2006), the mean years of formal education was 13,55 years with a standard deviation of 7,10 and 86,41% of surveyed sample could read and write.

Philanthropy is a way to abandon one's ownership to others without any compensation. Thus, they usually diminish over time. Salomone (2006), for example, calls sustainability of remittances, the link existing between the duration spent by a migrant in the destination country. According to Saika (2010), the literature on sustainability establishes on a negative relationship between remittances and the duration of the migrant in the host country. He thus argues that it is evident after five years on the host land. The international Migration Organization deems the same changes when a migrant has got in the intention to remit and the duration spent abroad. The phenomenon happens when the legal status changes or when they are opened labor contract hired (Salomone, 2006). This study is set on the same pillars: it adopts a hypothesis (H=1) to mean a negative link and (H=0) otherwise.

An organization is a structure of individuals who work together to achieve that same goals. Uddin (2019) is favorable to the idea. He supports that being share of an acting group is determinant for somebody to participate. Joining a social community group to participate to local government translated in Union Parishad (Bangladesh) a double effect: first, as an opportunity to be a witness of the movement in local institutions but also important and second as an apparatus of empowerment. World Bank and CRES (2009), Saika (2010) underline the existence of groups of migrants from Bangladesh who try some initiatives to realize their investments in the native land. They have even taken through meetings of brainstorming they regularly realize an initiative aiming at influencing the US government to invest in Bangladesh. It is admissible to think of the gathering of notables as a positive insight to adding on WTP. Each member would present in this research a non-void added value to share and fructify the goal achievement.

Income is expected to positivelyinfluence the amount sent to local leaders. In fact, either do neoclassic or Keynesian theories profess a positive link between income and the purchasing power of an economic agent. An empirical investigation under Miwoto et al. (2017) shows for instance that the expected income from activities realized in the forest has a positive and significant influence on the willingness to pay of households. Casey et al. (2006) and Bliki (2011) also asseverate a positive link between income and WTP. Haddak et al (2014) applied both Logit and Tobit models on the population of Rhône which was divided into two groups and their findings were that the more household income is high, furthermore the contribution is important and more a challenge is likely solvable.

H7. Trust in local leadership and WTP towards local leadership development

The job of backing up population's wellbeing starts locally in people neighborhood and communities (OECD, 2015; Public Health England, 2015). What is exactly common worldwide to communities is further having in head a leader to channel people's performance. Weakness of leadership trust translated by disagreement between the local leaders and grassroots was empirically raised by Ozor and Nwankwo (2008) as a major constraint to both partners to go together over local development in Nigeria. As the same empirical research denotes, a major constraint tied to the preceding is without doubt the lack of appropriate mechanisms for disciplining erring local leaders. On the other hand, it emerged that the lack of interest in community development programmes was not a constraint. Over social inefficiency, local development, leadership efficiency and leader-folks partnership are in crisis. The same situation was confirmed in Bangladesh by Saika (2010) who highlighted that people living in host county (USA) worry with the development of their country but retain their attention on local capacity to exactly fulfill investments they may pool for. Thus, over times asking to people to put a share of their revenues to boost leadership might look like equivocal. They might be discouraged by the way local leaders are mismanaging their destiny. Furthermore at national level, most countries have renewed their collection system from natives living abroad by the culture of transparency and reasonable investments (Saika, 2010).

Although the literature is insignificant on this variable regarding the exact and optimal tool of organization to which an individual should belong so as his WTP grows, the research hypothesis is altogether different from the preceding (see H.5). While it is scientifically deemed that participation into a group or social organization is a useful trump to address meaningful actions, belonging to many organization for a notable may run his Willingness To pay. The argument is based on what exactly sets the goals and rules the organization. As they differently function, the same member is wanted in each one of the organizations to contribute. Consequently, the same amount that could be cashed in the notables' organization account is divided into shares as if he was making a portfolio.

Index of assets may count for WTP for empowering local leadership. Asset Index reflects the economic wealth which involves a feature of being divided (Feumou, 2002). It summarizes how can assets reflect whether one is poor or well-off. Feunou (2002) shows the existence of a huge link between the number of assets owned by an individual and wealth. He pursues illustrating with the Zambian evidence. In fact, his findings deem that owning assets in Zambia grows at average accordingly to wealth. Labii (2015) realized that citizen of Bukavu who access to electricity are relatively well-off possess a greater number of assets than others. The same area constituted our research field and try to consider how important were notables' assets in terms of number and value.

Setting price would tend to reduce one's willingness to pay. In fact, voluntary and mainly altruistic decisions are often thoroughly operated, for rational individuals, with all attention to remain capable to grapple with ulterior challenges (Saika, 2010). As a result, Fonta et al. (2011) found that as higher as the set price will enhance the contributors' number to thrust toward fall. This variable reflects a cost of a communal good it means «empowered leadership», although economically cost is to be minimized. Varian (1992) denotes an adverse link between price and demand of collective goods.

Grouping selected for an important scheme likely motives notables to remit for local leadership empowerment. In fact, notables, like all other citizens worldwide, are strongly tied to their native regions and communities. Individuals seem to feel more tied to native groupings rather than any other grouping of their chiefdom. What indeed translated their citizenship. In the literature, migrant, for instance, are shown to remain strongly tied to their homelands with concrete realization like remittance to their community (Sheffer, 1986; Kuznetov, 2006). Also, tie to one's ethnic minority groups while being in host country or in a foreign area was viewed by Sheffer (1986) as a key element of local intervention of migrant internationally considered as notables.

Chapter two: METHODOLOGY

Ranged as second chapter of this work, the research methodology presents the foundation of the research issues. That is, the universe is defined in advance, follows techniques employed to collect data, presentation of the research questionnaire, variable measure and methods used to transform them into meaningful outcomes.

I. DEFINITION OF THE POPULATION

Aiming at assessing willingness to pay of the notability for local leadership empowerment in rural areas, this research concerns only the «notables» living in town but originating from the rural Chiefdom of Ngweshe. Thus, as already stated above, is defined for the purpose as member of the research universe, it means as notable, every male or female individual recognized as famous or distinctive in their profession through their knowhow and good manners, originating from Ngweshe chiefdom, at least eighteen years old and residing in one of the communes of Bukavu on September 1^st, 2019.

This manner of descripting the population has as advantage to avoid including periodically arriving chiefdom folks. It is likely about maximizing the chance to meet those who can will to participate to the scheme.

II. SAMPLING TECHNIQUE AND DATA COLLECTION

The research will apply data collected on a sample of 180 notables issued from Ngweshe. Two techniques will allow realizing that step given as follows:

As above-mentioned, the research universe includes notables living in Bukavu town. The interview then will be applied to identify the structure of contributions of notables towards their chiefdom of origin. Qualitative data collection refers to Abdullah and Jeanty (2011) requirements relative to setting hypothetical scenarios of WTP amounts. The interview has taken five days that to say from August 18 to August 26, 2019. In its core fulfillment, it was done since it was discovered that no supplementary information was brought by additional respondents accordingly to the semantic saturation criterion^7(*). Thus, 20 respondents selected from Ibanda, Kadutu and Bagira were interviewed. Seven questions were directly asked to notables about what leaders think about local leadership in their chiefdom, who are those leaders, what do they think about their work, their thoughts regarding leaders' contribution for local development, how do they think to help local leaders, who should support them and lastly whether mutuality can help them.

II.2. The snowball technique

The technique is mainly chosen because it is quite difficult to identify among several individuals those emerging from the Chiefdom of Ngweshe. Additionally, meeting notable remains very difficult regarding their availability and location. A chain-referral-sample or respondent-driven technique is suggested by Etikan et al. (2015) in case of a hidden population. The city is diversified and thus the research wants to avoid resulting errors of respondent selection what can since misshape the research outcomes. Thereby, the first questioned subject shall be a surely identified individual based on information provided by aNgweshe native lecturer. A deep verification of their identity shall be verified through a qualitative talk realized on the subject to be insured that he is exactly a rural citizen who currently is living in Bukavu. To do so, a five minutes speech is undertaken in the Mashi language which is the local language in the native chiefdom. In addition, some cultural values were discussed to assess whether he is well accustomed to traditional living style (a specific feature of countryside originals).

II.3. The questionnaire

To fulfill this research, two kinds of questionnairewill be administrated to notables. The first shall be shortened covering the qualitative survey opened-responded. By the means of the preceeding, a hard quantitative questionnaire shall thenceafter be administrated to respondents using referendum-type questions. These kinds of questions are closed-responded. Hereon in reference to Labii (2015) who used a closed question category in her research.

II.4. Measuring variables

The research uses eleven predictors to estimate willingness to pay. It is made of two core regression as said above. The first is regressed on independent variables to hold the determinants of willingness to pay of notables. The second is a no-independent variable regression that helps to capture WTP in reference to Corso et al. (2013) and Labii (2015).

Therefore, the «amount willed to be paid» by a notable is measured by the means of recurrent bids proposing intervals of amounts with lower start to high amounts. Answering to these questions connotes moving through dummy answers with 1 if an investigated notable accepts to pay an amount inclusively belonging to that interval and 0 otherwise. In fact, Bishop and Heberlein (1979) is the reference for dummy using.^8(*) Therefore, respondents are asked whether they would be willing to pay or not a particular amount to acquire a change in local governance and development in the native chiefdom. The technique is also called «take it or leave it» or referendum. Then the variable is divided into two variables representing the inferior boundary and the superior boundary of one's interval inside which can be located his WTP Corso et al. (2013) and Labii (2015).

Various variables are selected inn the research to be tested on WTP. Downwards are given the way they were measured in the research.

Age of the notable: age plays a key role in the determination ones acceptance to participate. it is a continuing variable used to measure the notable's age. It is as well closed some intervals of years mainly propelled by the fact that notables from countryside to town likely get famous and wealth towards years. In that vein, some conclusive studies on willingness to pay found a mean age around an interval of 35 and 50 years (Ajayi, 2006; Gimba and Kumshe, 2011; Miwoto et al., 2017). Moving closer fifties implies as well nearing retirement and formally active age is left. Hence, a positive sign is watched.

Household size: to capture it, the number of individuals under the respondent is used in the survey.

Sex: a qualitative variable with two modalities. It takes 0 as value to mean female and 1 if the respondent is male.

Marital status: is a socio-demographic polytomous variable assessing to which category of marital status belongs the respondent. It takes 1 if the respondent is single, 2 if he is married, 3 if he is divorced and 4 if the respondent is a widow.

Educational level: it is captured as a qualitative variable. That is, the variable «level of education» is polytomous; it proposes different levels of education starting from none to academic level. Level of education has demonstrated important added-values on development through innovation and knowledge applied differently comparing to non-educated individuals (Borjas, 2016). Then, this research aims at estimating how it could influence one's acceptance to pool in direction of Ngweshe chiefdom.

Religion: is a qualitative variable assessing the religious obedience of notables. It also has been set numerous modalities. Therefore, 1 translates Catholic obedience, 2 is Protestant, 3 Muslim 4 Kimbanguist and 5 other religion. It is used in the regression as a socio-demographic variable. But aftrer data collection, only two modalities were retained: Catholic and protestant; others did not record any observation.

Friends in the organization: a qualitative variable dichotomized. It takes 1 as value if there is at least one friend in the organization and 0 otherwise.

Number of persons of notoriety: this variable is quantitative revealing the number of persons the respondent finds of high notoriety.

Duration in town: duration in town captures for how long a notable has last in Bukavu. It is a continuous quantitative variable expressed in years spent in the city.

Membership of the organization: the variable is qualitative. It is measured using a dichotomic bid. Thus, it is labeled 0 if the respondent is not member or 1 otherwise.

Notable's monthly income: a continuous quantitative variable captured using the monthly earned income by the notable from different sectors in which they directly or indirectly find some interest. It also takes into account monthly income got from donation.

Trust on local leadership: the variable capture whether notables trust in local leaders. It takes 0 if the investigated notable does not trust or 1 if contrastingly he does. The variable is applied depending on the literature deeming a true confidence between all the partners so as each one perfectly and favorably act on their common goal. In the present case, local leaders should be entrusted to incite notables pooling.

Number of organizations: a quantitative variable capturing in how many groups or organization a notable partakes. It only takes into account the kind of organization where people only aim at realizing some advancement in their societies. So to say, the kinds of groups or organizations call for social brainstorming.

The index of assets is generated in the purpose of quantifying assets owned by respondents. For 26 assets captured by the investigation, the factor analysis shall be used to extract specific values to balance assets variables through the Principal Component Analysis. Doing so, this work inspired from Labii (2015) Thus, the below table (see Appendix 1) walks through those values. Accordingly, the extraction value was considered as multiplies of each of initial variables of assets. Lastly, were summed all generated variable building then an «asset index». Feunou (2002) and Booysen et al. (2008) advise to include in the analysis even assets whose weight is low for they represent a share of the real assets of an individual.

Set price in the referendum: a quantitative variable. It is applied to know the annual minimum amount in USD declared by the notables who engage themselves to tackle diverse social problems in the chiefdom of Ngweshe.

Grouping selected for scheme: a qualitative variable measured as a proxy variable whose value is 1 if the respondent's native grouping is selected to implement a development project while the value is void 0 if not. This variable is retained in the research because it has been thought evident that people living out from their native community mostly remain in touch with their community. This collaboration and tie to native homelands has allowed lots of billions dollars flowing from hosting countries to homelands. People have, over and above that argument, a larger tie as closer as a community is taking as begin his own family. That is, a positive sign is watched since bid 1 refers to native grouping.

III. Model specification of willingness to pay

To measure WTP, this paper uses the contingent valuation method consisting of directly asking respondents the amount they are disposed to pay for a potential scenario of improving local leadership aiming for instance at fighting against its disappearance or to anticipate its damageable parts. It is an enquiry-based method frequently used to measure the monetary value on non-market environmental good and services (Djemaci, 2010). Here, the method is set on a referendum enquiry.

The method «contingent valuation» requires that replies recorded follow a bidding scenarios process. Proposed scenarios are possible but not certain to occur since they vary from an individual to another. Contingent valuation entails a change in the notable's utility that can be monetary valued and obtained by the maximum amount that a respondent accepts to forgo for achieving a given good. Le Gall-Ely (2010) views CVM as a surveying method helping to capture some psychological price. In such a case, deems Le Gall-Ely (2010), biases are higher resulting from an overestimation of WTP. However, previous scholars suggest that questions referring to starting price have yielded more considerable results than open-ended questions (Donaldson et al., 1997) cited by Dror, Radermacher and Koren et al. (2006). «Take-it-or-leave-it» method is basically viewed as a dichotomous trade-off on suggested amounts. In fact, Dong et al. (2004) deemed that variance in responses results from some extent from the selection by respondents. The biding game consisting of presenting several prices varying from relatively higher to lower prices and the respondent choses if he is ready to pay a given set biding price, a process realized on all alternatives until the respondent accepts the bid.

Moreover, the interval regression method was applied to assess WTP in various WTP assessment studies. In that boat it is used to estimate hypothetical values of the real goods or/and services (Lang, 2010). The method as developed by Hanemann is advised when the correlation coefficient exceeds 0,7 (Alberini, 1995) instead of the bivariate probit model initially established to measure WTP. It is set on the response between the first and the second bid (Corso et al., 2013; Labii, 2015).

As dummy questions are asked in the survey, it is suggested an amount to an individual. If the individual accepts to disburse under that price, a higher amount is directly advanced for his trade-off. On the other hand, if he rejected the first bid, then a lower amount is immediately proposed under his trade-off.

Furthermore, based on how the model was specified by Corso et al. (2013) when assessing the benefits of preventing child maltreatment death in Ecuadorian population and, also, its adoption by Labii (2015);the current research model evolves as follows:

The WTP value,

individual is translated by the model

where

is a random disturbing term and normally distributed with a mean zero (hypothetical) and

corresponds to individual respondent characteristics. As

is not direclty observed, the respondent's WTP interval location lies between both bounds

. Then, the corresponding likelihood contribution becomes:

When an upper bound is unknown, that is the right-censored data is unknown; the likelihood affected is

Whereas when a lower bound (left-censored), a lower bound is set at zero and the likelihood contribution is:

From there is taken out a summarizing situation of all possibilities to be registered over the bids. Four patterns are classified from the dichotomous trade-off: «Yes» to both the first and the second question (Y, Y), «Yes» to the first question and «No» to the second proposing a higher amount(Y,N); «No» to the first and «Yes» to the second (N,Y), in case the lower value, and «No» to both values (N,N).

Scenarios imply the following likelihood distribution according to measuring WTP. But before proceeding, let's assume an individual

to whom is fist propose an amount

. If admitted, a higher amount

is again proposed. In contrast, if the first was not accepted, a lower amount

is then advanced.

Ø When both answers are positive, that is to say that the individual

's willingness to payis higher than

Differently said, the superior bound is unknown; data are right-censured and the likelihood (

) noticed that their WTP to be located in the interval is

Ø If then the first answer is positive and the second negative (accounting for the upper bound), willingness to pay is located between the lower bound

and the upper bound. And the associated likelihood is given by

Ø Therewith, if the first answer is no and the second no to both bids, one's willingness to pay is under

and the likelihood to

Ø At last, when the individual

answers no to the first and yes to the second, it means his maximum WTP is located between

and

In the context, the likelihood of locating WTP in the interval is given by

IV. Data processing technique

After having a database, results are processed using the STATA software. Especially the command intregwas twice applied to produce econometric outcome in respect to Williams' (2019) requirement concerning interval data. The first regression involves both parts of the dependent variable^9(*) (WTP) and the independent variables successively applying a stepwise process on three models: the first takes into account socio-demographic variables, the second involves variables on social capital and the third incorporates other economic and environmental variables. It allows seizing the determinants of WTP. The second regression is only applied on dependent variables and helps so as the value of WTP become recognized.

Chapter three: RESULT PRESENTING AND INTERPRETATION

The current chapter presents the core outcomes of the research. It goes beyond the step of surveying the several members of the research universe who no longer were selected in the sample. It initially gives general descriptive information on the population characteristics and then goes out with results related to models associated to extract the core message of the analyses.

I. GENERAL FEATURES OF NOTABLES

Results of the descriptive statistics help to capture notables' characteristics. In that concern, the table reveals diverse tendencies. The variable «Age» of the notable records a mean value of 55,51 years old; nearly the Congolese life expectancy.^10(*) The youngest of them is 40 whereas the oldest is 68 years old. On average, they have dwelled in Bukavu for 27.4 years. The minimum duration found is 10 although 49 is the maximal duration. The results also empirically attest that a notable has lasted as member of a group 8,944 (around 9 years). Moreover, there are beginners with any year experiencing groups or organizations and former organization attenders who at most passed (years under organizations. Their monthly revenue is on average USD 1864,72 varying from 100 to USD 8000.

The size of notables' household recorded respectively 3 and 15 as minimum and maximum effective. But for the whole, household members recorded an average of 8,02with a weak standard deviation of 2,5203.

About their monthly income, each notable acquires per month USD 1864,72; a mean value of their respective monthly smoothed incomes. In addition, there is an impressive gap in their incomes. That is, an important dispersion of USD 1442,431 can be caught as a proof of an undeniable inequality in notable's income. Indeed, the variable notable's monthly income records respectively 100 and 8000 as the smallest and terminal values. Watching the ampleness reflected by this wide from the variable's average, a certain analysis on the way this disbursement will be accomplished seem overlooked. As it can be realized, the interval issued from analysis is round USD 20 and USD 1500. Besides, expenditure annually engaged by notables' household meet an average of USD24532.98 but it is denoted, however, that expendute largly varies from the mean across notables. Watching the standard deviation with deep attention, a value of USD 14836.2 not only has shown a certain wide existing in that trend but leads to inspecting the size throught which this dispersion is located. As it can be attessted from the table, total annual expenditure of notables' households varies from a minimum of 7450 and a maximum of USD 82168.

The distribution of frequencies is applied on qualitative variables. It therefore takes into account the central tendency measure of the independent variables downwards involved in the econometric model. Frequency distribution has depended on how were allowed occurencesmodalities. The following illustrative table is drawn belowexposed.

Variable	Modality	Frequency	Percent	Cumulative Percent
Grouping of origine	IKOMA	12	6,7	6,7
	IRONGO	9	5,0	11,7
	IZEGE	11	6,1	17,8
	KAMANYOLA	16	8,9	26,7
	KAMISIMBI	10	5,6	32,2
	KANIOLA	14	7,8	40,0
	LUBONA	10	5,6	45,6
	LUCIGA	8	4,4	50,0
	LURHALA	11	6,1	56,1
	MULAMBA	11	6,1	62,2
	MUSHINGA	12	6,7	68,9
	MUZINZI	9	5,0	73,9
	NDUBA	3	1,7	75,6
	NYANGEZI	6	3,3	78,9
	RUBIMBI	12	6,7	85,6
	WALUNGU	26	14,4	100,0
	Total	180	100,0
Dwelling place	Bagira	3	1,7	1,7
	Kadutu	40	22,2	23,9
	Ibanda	137	76,1	100,0
	Total	180	100,0
Sex	Female	49	27,2	27,2
	Male	131	72,8	100,0
	Total	180	100,0
Educationallevel	None	5	2,8	2,8
	Primary	11	6,1	8,9
	Secondary	76	42,2	51,1
	Academic	88	48,9	100
	Total	180	100,0
Marital status	Single	1	0,6	0,6
	Married	151	83,9	84,4
	Widow	28	15,6	100,0
	Total	180	100,0
Accommodation	Semi-durable	8	4,4	4,4
	Durable	172	95,6	100,0
	Total	180	100,0
Member of an organization	No	10	5,6	5,6
	Yes	170	94,4	100,0
	Total	180	100,0
Status in the household	Head	142	78,9	78,9
	Spouse	37	20,6	90,4
	Other	1	0,6	100
	Total	180	100,0

Seven variables were taken in the frequency analysis. No void value was recorded as is shown in the above table. Statistics set upwards the distribution of frequencies for each of them. Thereby, for 180 surveyed individuals, it is demonstrated that they are unequally distributed in the three communes of Bukavu. Therefore, Ibanda is the most dwelt by 76,1% of notables whereas Bagira lodges only by 1,7% percent of the whole. As for Kadutu, only 40 notables rising 22,2% of records are found to accommodate in the commune. For the whole, 49 are female representing 27,2 % of the total while 72,8 % were male. The results imply that men are numerous in the notables' group nominee FondsCommunautaire pour la Rehabilitation de Ngweshe (FCRN).They show an extreme score of educational level. In fact, 48,9% have acquired an academic level ad 42,2% were schooled at secondary school. Put together, 91,1% have at least attended the secondary school. And only 5 people out of 180 were not schooled what represents only 2, 8% of the population. Therewith, 11 reached the primary school accounting for 6,1%. This in fact can be an intuitive explanation of the presence of an ideology attempting to boost local development in the native chiefdom. The more people are skilled the more they are sensitive to future challenges and anticipate disasters rather than staying by them.

A large number as well is made of heads of their households; a proportion of 142 notables belong to the status representing 78,9% of the whole followed by the category of spouses accounting for 37 notables and translating approximately 21% of the whole. Only one individual didn't belong to both categories. As for their accommodation, 172 out of 180 notables live in durable buildings forming 95,6% of respondents and only 8 of them live in semi-durable houses as well translating 4,4% of the total. All the notables are further Christians dispatched into two categories. The Catholic category scores 71,7% of the total size namely 129 individuals. Moreover, 51 individuals are protestants accounting for 28,3% . Although only Christians take share to pooling local authorities in the chiefdom, about ¾ of notables are catholic believers and only ¼ are Protestants.

II. RELATED ECONOMETRIC ESTIMATE OF THE MODEL

The econometric model is twice computed. Once it is regressed as further above mentioned in the methodology to generate the determinants of WTP and second is computed a self-dependent variable to generate the amount of WTP. Determinants of WTP are first given by the below table.

II.2. Determinants of WTP towards Ngweshe local leadership

II.2.1. Interpretation of findings

As for predictor variables, the model bares that they approximately all come closer to positively affect notables' WTP except variable «trust in local leaders». After introducing controlling variables in using a stepwise process, five variables are found significant. They are Educational level, the Number of persons of notoriety in the notables' organization, notable monthly income, trust in local leaders, and index of assets.

Educational level is found favourable to WTP. Applied stepwise generation has displayed three categories built on an educational scale. In that context, notables with primary level have expressed a higher level than notables whose educational level was secondary school. It should be noticed, however, that both trends positively influence WTP towards local leadership. Moreover, outcomes on the variable deem that notables with academic level present the highest - of the variable's categories - and significant WTP at 0.05 considering its Wald test. Dror, Radermacher and Koren et al. (2006) have also found similar trends when assessing WTP for health insurance among rural and poor person except primary school which was tested adverse. Notwithstanding, WTP of respondents from 11^th class and beyond was significant and positive. As for Gnimassoun and Anyanwu (2019), their work confirms that the most Africa will deliver educated migrants; the greater the impact of diaspora will be experienced across the continent. Other scholars like Djemaci (2010), Lang (2010), Miwoto et al. (2017) or Houaga (2017) approve the result. Better is also to view in the outcome a contrasting result with Bhagwati and Hamada (1974) who professed that brain drain weakens and loses hope of the rural concerned region.

In the same boat, «monthly income» is investigated to slightly improve WTP and significant at 0.05. Around USD 0.077 for each additional dollar earned is consented to be given. Notables are furthermore affected by their network inside the group. Thus, the most the number of persons judged of notoriety will raise WTP will as well grow. In contrast, «Trust in leadership» deeply adversely and meaningfully bears notables' willingness to pay (a drop of USD 110.70). In another view, leadership translates a setback toitsown improvement. Kuznetsov (2006) deems that the most important aspect of remittances is not financial transfers; governance and monitoring are. Community infrastructure projects need to be identified, financed, and managed through a network of diverse stakeholders - municipal government, users of the infrastructure, migrants and others - that previously had little trust in one another. Torres and Kuznetsov (2001) made efforts in better use of the receipts. The number of persons of notoriety in the notables' organization is furthermore favourable to contribution from notables to the chiefdom's local leadership. It is indirectly to say bearing local development in the region throught local administration. In the above table, a mere look at the variable's coefficient persuades one to confirm an addition of USD 24,24 in one's WTP in case of any supplementary person of notoriety.

The variable «index of assets» is a positive predictor. It reflects the wealth value translated in terms of assets that each notable owns. Besides, outcomes translate a rise of USD 190.77whenever an additional per cent is added on notables' assets. Labii (2015) previously denoted that the index of assets was positively but not significantly tied to WTP. So said, the research confirms exactly that index of assets is one of the impeccable determinants in the process of pooling over the chiefdom of Ngweshe.

II.2.2. Correlation matrix

The correlation matrix denotes a weak correlation regarding most independent variables taken one another and their correlation with the dependent variable. They all are largely inferior to 0.5 except the correlation between «duration in Town» and «age». Also there is a very high correlation between both boundaries of the interval variable «WTP». It is a mere translation of what exactly should be the trend of both sub-dependent variables. As a unique variable computed in respect to the principal of two side formalization, boundaries must exactly show a perfect correlation as a proof of the rightness of one variable. Otherwise an absence convergence would be reputed between both sub-variables. Since, it could be a proof that results are sidestepped. As further bellow pointed (Appendix 2), their correlation is 0,9792 what is exactly closer to 1. Additionally, there is absence of multicollinearity. The relevance from the matrix is minimized correlations once between the dependent and independent variables ultimately nearby 0. For Instance, correlation between variable Trust in local leaders and both WTP is 0 for the left boundary and 0.0042 for the right boundary. What is right perceived as an almost neutral mutual influence in the collection of both variables. Others variables observe the same trend as it is typically highlighted in the matric. For instance, the value of correlation of setting price amount and membership of an organization is 0,0050. Above and beyond such essential validity of the quality of the data specification is added up a new regression measuring WTP towards local leadership in the chiefdom of Ngweshe.

II.2.3. Assessment of the mean WTP

The overhead table reveal that the avearage amount notables are willing to yearly pay for local development through local leaders performance is USD 443.63. The interval reveals USD 372.76 and USD 514.50 as respectively minimum and maximum WTP. The Wald test is very higher (Z=12.27) to which is tied a meaningful likelihood (P>|z|= 0.000). Descriptive statistics have demonstrated upwards that the mean monthly income of a notable is USD 1864,72. It is thus understandable the amount found can be yearly consented and issued.

II.3. Discussion and social implication of findings

The model has helped to come out determinants of WTP and further the amount translating notables' WTP. That is,the following variables namely level of education, the number of persons of notoriety in the organization, notables' monthly income, trust in leadership and index of assets are found significant to deteermine financial contributionfor developmental actions across Ngweshe chiefdom. In fact, increasingly group participators are educated notables, WTP will rise. The research outcome on variable educational level is more decisive for academic level in providing a meaningful insight to permanently schooling new generations in colleges and universities. It also shows that additional schooling level could present a higher likelihood to register ulterior significant income which likewise is a positive and significant determinant of Willingness to Pay especially for the academic level. But, as the chiefdom does not have comfortable institutions, namely colleges and universities, the trend will always lead to rural exodus of the youth - as it is currently remarked - in search of faithful institutions and studies.

Since, rural-urban movement of the youth maintains an attention on what lose leaving workforce implies in terms of local productivity. Like external migration, internal migration of the active youth is incited by the search of employment and decent revenues (World Bank and CRES, 2009).Here raises a retrospective analysis on migration in the chiefdom's nearest city of Bukavu mostly frequented by peasant students. The most of times, in fact, they use to finding jobs and remain jobless in the city rather tnan immediately goind back to their country to put into effect, together with the altogether folks, schemes tied to durable development. Dashing off has accordingly been a continuous setback in construction to rural development (Bhagwati and Hamada, 1974) likely covered in long run when already realizing some return to schooling in the host area (Nishikant and Priyanka, 2018). Undetr this motivation lie many factors discouraging students to return to their fatherland of which a painful living standard comparatively to the city and a high lack of infrascture. The drop of agricultural labour force it implies, for instance, would count against countryside capacity to produce crops or lessen somer locally-engaged communal work like sanitation, security, etc. Even though, good news is that these former students further participate intpo the group of notables of the region when success has come their way in the abovementionned city? Brainstrming is exalted to notables of all kind of profession to think, decide and realize together some big push to tackle a few challenges worsening living conditions through the local chieftaincy. They involve sectors like health, agriculture, infrastructure, etc. People will to give as many as the group registers new persons of notoriety; especially economicly stronger. In that vein, developing a strong social network inside the native notables is a huge step to get all of them involved in the program. Although they financially differ in teerms of wealth, relative small owners have care encouraged to pay when prosperous people also participate.

Moreover, reinforcing local leadership and through them local development in the chiefdom of Ngweshe calls consistent means to notables. The present empirical results demonstrate that montly income of the notability favourably plays a role in the amount they will to pay. It is in fact probative because they could't pool whether their wealth is so mild that it couldn't allow them living.

Not only that the variable montly income is confidently significant at 95% but also the amount it translates gives a reamlistic hope. For any dollar monthly earned by the notable, USD 0,077 is consented like allowance to local leaders' developmental actions. It is then necessary to understand that in the present case, income depends on several resources bearing their active life. Thereof, futher policies can directly act on the capacity of notables to deliver funds. If the running macroeconomic policies jeapardize people's purchasing power and lessens their demand, for instance, in general notables shall face a decrease in their income especially traders may be the most affected.

Macroeconomic aggregations in DRC should hence abide for the economic stabilization. In light of the above table, accessing to significant income helps notables to realize some expenditure. In the purpose, one meaningful of them is getting assets. Acquiring them requires means. Though it seems intuitively less tied to Willingness to pay, it is however favourable and meaningful to the level of WTP. There is anyway a huge correlation between the notable's monthly income and the level of assets (0.4381) of the notables (see appendix 2). One should understand at which at extent this kind of organization is an opportunity to supply a mild if not impact on the chiefdom's development. As a light to a kind of initiative that can be implemented nationwide, income should be statble in default of incrieasing to exactly see poolings rise so to push to communal advancements. This stability involves as well one's purchasing power tied to the nominal value of owned money in a given period.

Another reason would result from having expensive and prestigious assets witness their opulence. For instance, driving a new brand car costing more than USD 40 000 would be an insight to an individual to make difference from his fellow notable owning a USD 3 000 car. It may be one of the motivations of self-categorization of the «FCRN» members in terms of the amount they're willing to yearly and voluntarily give. Since, the policy passes as inclusive for a credible mobilization of funds.

Contrastingly, the self-denial demonstrated by notables does not favourably view the local leadership currently rullingNgweshe. They criticize the kind of leadership in their decentralized entity. Indeed, leadership must show a fantastic and permanent accountability so as people become confident in them and follow what they order. Notice that it is, however, the only one adverse and significant variable tied to Willingness to pay toward the chieftaincy of Ngweshe in the model. The quality of leadership diminishes the amount predisposed of about USD 110.70.

Above and beyond, local leaders have expressed a mean amount of USD 443.63 in an interval built on USD 372.75 at left and USD 514.50 at right. These values are set on a likelihood of 95% to happen. From this moment both bound values are somehow closer to the mean value. The amounts globally denote a considerable WTP to pay towards local leaders. If the amount comes to being channelized over the chiefdom and get carefully affected to schemes they have been planned for, some changes can progressively be initiated. Accordingly, depending to the whole number of poolers, the level of raises will determine which kind of scheme is immediately being implemented provided that it affects in general local development and acts for rural citizens living in all the groupings of Ngweshe.

CONCLUSION

Pooling toward the chiefdom of Ngweshe remains a useful action for local leadership survival. Local development of the region appealed for different sources of resources to thrive as many as challenges have risen over the recent years. Accordingly, decentralization has not covered the living conditions of the rural citizens living in the corner. Good news is that another helping hand has risen composed of the notables to strengthen the former abilities.

The current assessment ranges over that philanthropic self-engagement of the notability of Ngweshe living in the town of Bukavu. Notables have remained strongly tied to their native land and their population which contains their relatives despite long duration they have spent in Bukavu. Thus for example they have created communal structures in terms of brainstorming to think and reshape new forms to hand over Ngweshe. Their expressed mean willingness to pay is USD 443.63 per year to which is associated one important conditionviewed as a caution addressed to the leadership of Ngweshe to improve democratic values in the chiefdom such as transparency, accountability, management capacity improvement, etc. Moreover, five key variables are determinants in the motivation to dob in; Educational level, the number of persons of notoriety in the notables' organization, membership of an organization, notable monthly income, trust in local leaders, assets index.While this dissertation lies on population contribution like Ajayi (2006), Miwoto et al. (2017), Jha and Bhalla (2018) but exploit a bipartite cooperation in the process, the present work goes through internal migrants dobbing in for their native chiefdom through local leadership on place. Its originality, depending to the literature on our disposition, lied in the fact a bringing a lignt in terms of determinants and amount to a new kind ofdevelopment support decided through their culture of brainstorming in the group.

However, it must be recognized, the research encountered lots of challenges of which of finance being given the space seesaw motion surounded,a lack of immediat access to notables; reason of giving up the random method. Also, other natives of the chiefdom currently living in Bukavu would have been taken into account by the study to assesss the altogether capacity of thier community to mobilze funds for schemes accomplishment. Thereafter, didn't exploit the trends and capacities over times or assess the WTA of other partners called in the programme in the chiefdom.A huge field remains open to other seekers who would like to exploit these issues.

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CONTENT

APPENDIX

Appendix 1: FACTOR ANALYSIS ON HOUSEHOLD ASSETS

Appendix 2 : CORRELATION MATRIX OF VARIABLES

Appendsix 3: OUTCOME OF THE QUALITATIVE SURVEY

Working on "willingness to pay of the notability for local leadership empowerment in Ngweshe", seven questions have been asked to 25 considered notables around Bukavu town. These questions mainly aimed at assessing three features viewed to identify local leaders, their work, and their supporters. Those questions are enumerated below:

· If yes, how much can you annually contribute when supporting a developmental project?

1. Answering the first question regarding notables' thought about local leadership in the chiefdom, it is observable that these notables don't yet trust in local leadership. The truth is that they have supported that local leaders have surrendered their mission and live today in town rather than remaining near rural folks. Thus, a respondent has supposed that leadership doesn't exist in Ngweshe. The chiefdom is ruled throughout "power of attorney" held by some individuals living in the countryside. Another aspect noticed by one of respondents was that local chieftaincy was influential in the society through soil ownership. But currently their power and influence are facing resistance of a new generation of wealth owners. There is in other ways a kind of transfers of leadership from traditional chieftaince to current means holders.

2. Notables mainly consider as local leaders in their native chiefdom, all those people belonging to traditional and cultural chieftaincy: the Mwami (King and chief of the chiefdom), chiefs of groupings, of Localities; and many other kinds of individuals who exercise a certain influence on rural lives.They thus are religious leaders, leader of schools, hospitals, and influential economic agents.

3. While they are opportunists as deems one respondent, all respondents have supported that their role is guiding, orienting, working with the population, being its reporter, bear difficulties in interest of their population. They have as well in their charge to be justice promoters and regulate disputes in the community. They should be objective by avoiding mismanaging or abandon to realize what folks wait from them. Notwithstanding, it is recognized that retro-cession is allowed to entities even though they aren't altogether delivered. That is, the Mwami uses that amount without any control. What can lose trust of notables into local leadership in the chiefdom. Respondents have suggested tooling the local civil society so as governance takes another take-off within local leaders.

4. As for their contribution to developing the Ngweshe chiefdom, respondents diverge on leaders' intention and orientation. In fact some notables have asseverated that local leaders do not work in interest of folks while others assume that some of rural leaders perfectly fulfill their work in their entities. However, they notice that the mainstream of local leaders is not educated and consequently have some limits which prevent them from introducing new improving policies and actions. In a nutshell, only a few leaders are implicated in development action.

5. Their answer on the way to help local leaders is mostly building their capacity, being close to them, help to understand the current context and the global evolution of the region. Also, encourage stakeholders (local leaders, local folks,etc.) to adopt participatory budget in the entity so as they boost development schemes. Here, responsible of the civil society mainly and the whole population have in their attribution to monitor their actions. However, an individual has said that there is no way to help local leaders because they even embezzle remitted retrocession. What shows that all individual may not will to pay as a result of trust lose.

6. Several interventions at different level are requisite. Primarily, local leaders shall count on their own population through levy collection even though rural citizens are pauperized, State leaders at national and provincial level, NGO, Universities,natives living outer the chiefdom, organizations, etc. Inquired individuals have estimated the variability of their support amount to local leaders regarding each scheme taking into account its collective utility and budget needed.

7.Despite that an individual assumed that he cannot contribute for empowering local leadership, noticing their behavior of living in town rather than being in rural area and the fact that they embezzle amounts allowed to rural development, others have asserted to pay between 50 and USD 1500.

My name is Romeo MUNGUAKONKWA, a student in license in rural economics at the Catholic university of Bukavu. This survey is realized with the purpose to fulfill our graduate paper carried on Willingness to pay of the notability for local leadership empowerment in Ngweshe. It aims to assess the level to which the rural notability dwelling in Bukavu would be ready to fund their local leaders (rural authorities) in their home chiefdom so as developmental projects can be undertaken under them. Given that we provide you the maximum confidentiality on data you're going to provide us, we beg you to provide your uninfluenced answers as an inherent contribution to this research.

1. Age		2. household size
3. Sex 0. Male 1. Female		4. Marital status: 1. Single [ ] 2. Married [ ] 3. Divorced [ ] 4. widow [ ]
5. Level of study 1. none 2. Primary 3. Secondary 4. Academic		6. Religion 1. Catholic 2. Protestant 3. Muslim 4. Kimbanguist 5. Other
7. From when do you live in Bukavu ?		8. what is your status in the household? 1. head 2. Spouse 3. Other
8. Do you belong to a mutual or an association? 1. Yes 2. No		9. If yes, which duration has it taken?
10. Do you permanently access to water in your household? 1. Yes 2. No		12. Do you permanently access to electricity in your household? 1. Yes 2. No
13. Accommodation 1. Durable 2. Semi-durable 3. Shelf 4. Mire 5. Other		14. Dwelling place 1. Ibanda. 2. Kadutu. 3. Bagira
15. If you are married, what is your spouse's educational level 1. none 2. Primary 3. Secondary 4. Academic		16. what is his/her profession? 1. Unemployed 2. Salaried 3. Mercantile 4. Farmer 5. craft 6. Other
Income
Resource approach
1.	What is your monthly income?			........................
2.	What is your spouse's monthly income			........................
3.	If there are other active members in your household, what is their monthly income?			........................
Expenditure approach
What are your household's alimentary and no alimentary expenditure?
*Monthly expenditure in USD* 1. Food +beverage ................. 2. Transport ................. 3. Communication ................. 4. Cloths and footwear................. 5. Cosmetic products and bath soap ................. 6. washing soap ................. 7. Petrol, gas and other energetic springs ................. 8. Water and electricity ................. 9. Leisure ................. 10. Other monthly expenditure .................			*Yearly expenditure in USD* 11. Fee of medicine and health ................. 12. Schooling ................. 13. Rent on house ................. 14. Credit repayment ................. 15. Social expenses ................. 16. Journey ................. 17. Other yearly expenditure .................

*Do you possess*		How many		Do you possess		How many?
House		\|___\|		Generating set		\|___\|
Bed		\|___\|		Freezer		\|___\|
Cupboard		\|___\|		Iron		\|___\|
Armchair		\|___\|		Camping stove/ cooker		\|___\|
Table		\|___\|		Solar panel		\|___\|
Vehicle		\|___\|		Clipper		\|___\|
Motorbike		\|___\|		Washbasin		\|___\|
Computer		\|___\|		Wardrobe		\|___\|
Television		\|___\|		Sewing machine		\|___\|
Radio		\|___\|		Parcel		\|___\|
Telephone		\|___\|		Cow		\|___\|
General information on the respondent's activity
1. In which sector is located your primary activity? 1. Agriculture, breeding and fishing [ ] 2. Manufacture [ ] 3. General trade [ ] 4.Craft [ ] 5. Public sector [ ] 6. NGO [ ] 7. Other [ ]
2. What is your status in that sector? 1. Salaried [ ] 2. Independent [ ] 3. Employer [ ]
3. Is the organization in which you work recorded in formal sector? 0. No [ ] 1. Yes [ ]
4. How many years have you realized in that sector (activity)?.................
5. In how many activities or sectors are you involved ?.................
6. In which sector is located your secondary activity? 1. Agriculture, breeding and fishing [ ] 2. Manufacture [ ] 3. General Trade [ ] 4.Craft [ ] 5. Public sector [ ] 6. NGO [ ] 7. Other [ ]
7. What is your status in that sector? 1. Salaried [ ] 2. Independent [ ] 3. Employer [ ]
8. Is the organization in which you work recorded in formal sector? 0. No [ ] 1. Yes [ ]
9. How many years have you realized in that sector (activity)? .................
10. For how much do you believe your monthly income from your primary activity? .................
11. For how much do you believe your monthly income from your secondary activity ?.................
Educationalburden
1.	How many members of your household are schooled?		Primary school				.........
			Secondary school				.........
			Primary school				.........
2.	How much do you yearly pay for the education of your children ?				Primary school		.........
					Secondary school		.........
					College/ University		.........
3.	How much do you allocate to educating outer persons ?				Primary school		.........
					Secondary school		.........
					College/ University		.........
4.	If school fees fade, will you your contribution towards local leadership ?				1. Yes 2. No		\|___\|
5.	Do you expect that ulterior returns to schooling of those you're bearing will improve your contribution?				1. Yes 2. No		\|___\|

In the spirit of this work is the intervention of two kinds of partners, notably local leaders who are ruling at several level of the rural society and notables emerging from Ngweshe and leaving in Bukavu. Given that, local leaders are performers as wants decentralization. But they face a decrease of retrocession. Regardful to developing your native chiefdom, you are asked this question:

Are you predisposed to improve local leadership for Ngweshedevelopment ? Yes |___| No |___|

Willing to improve local leadership

Yes

1. You trust local leaders in Ngweshe

|___|

2. You participate to local development in Ngweshe

|___|

3. Local development of Ngweshe is your priority

|___|

4. Local leaders need trainings in management and local governance

|___|

5. Development of Ngweshe must be committed by rural local leaders

|___|

6. Rural leaders are near folks

|___|

7. These leaders work for folks' welfare in Ngweshe

|___|

8. There must be a joint-committee (Notables and local leaders) to monitor social project fulfillment in Ngweshe

|___|

9. Your motivation to participate is related to self interest in Ngweshe rather than collectively born development

|___|

Social capital

1. Is your participation to local leadership reinforcement tied to your friends' participation? 0. No 1. Yes

2. If yes, how many participate? .................

3. How many people of great notoriety encourage you participating to developing local leadership?...............

4. How many active fellow workers encourage you to contribute? .................

5. Is there any organization or group where members are encouraged to disburse towards local leadership empowerment in Ngweshe? 0. No 1. Yes

6. If yes, how many are they?

.................

7. Do your work managers having influence on your source of income push you to pool?

0. No 1. Yes

8. If Yes, why do you accept to pool? 1. Love of chiefdom 2 To persuade them 3. By fear to be fired. 4. Other 5. None

..................................................

Willingness to pay

Now, some are presented some imaginary scenarios on which your opinion is needed: local leaders' role being assuring social well-being of communities and thus local development. Got it the lower penetration of retrocession funds for developing the EntitésTerritorialeDécentralisées, among which Ngweshe chiefdom, the developmental process would decelerate. As well, loses and challenges would surprisingly raise. Being recognized as notable of the area, your contribution would help to fill the gap. Thus, you are presented the following questions to withdraw your strain for financially tooling local leaders in Ngweshe.

1. In order to reinforce local leadership, are you ready to yearly pay in USD and in accordance to each project an amount the following amount: 250/ 1000/1500/2000

Yes |___| No |___|

Ø If yes on question (1), are you ready to pay above the following amounts in USD 350/1100/1700/2800 Yes |___| No |___|

Ø If no on question (1), are you ready to pay above the following amounts 150/600/900/1200? Yes |___| No |___|

Ø If you don't admit any bid, then, what is the amount you would willingly give? .........................................

Execution priority of crowdfunded projects

Seen that your contributions will go through local leaders, you are just now presented several developmental projects asking you to give your point of view on their priority. There is no bad answer; it all depends on your own perception of the priority on their performance.

Here's the meaning of the number suggested by the scale

1= Very low priority 2= low priority 3= neutral 4= Priority 5= very high priority

Current level of priority given to the project fields

In the future perspective, please express your wish for priority execution on the projects

1. Project aiming at increasing the production of vegetables

2. Project aiming at increasing the production of legumins

3. Project aiming at increasing the production of cereals (Maize, Sorghum, Rice,...)

4. Project aiming at increase the production of roots (cassava, Potato, yam, taro,...)

5. Project aiming at increasing animal production (ovine, porcine, goat, bovine,...) and milk

6. Project to make sustainable and productive banana cultivation

7. Project for sustainability of peace in the chiefdom

8. Project for chiefdom electrification

9. Water supply project for the needy villages

10. For a hospital infrastructure construction Project

11. For a comfortable six class construction project

12. For a project to build a solar power plant per general hospital in Ngweshe

13. Project to install a flour mill for the production of flour in Ngweshe

Motivation to participate to the local leadership empowerment process

Here are some propositions relative to facts that would influence the amount you can be disposed to give for leadership empowerment in Ngweshe. For each one of them, please express your level of agreement on the following scale: 1. Very much agree 2. Alright 3. Neutral 4. Disagree 5. Not altogether agree.

There is no bad answer; it all depends on your own encouraging reasons of participation.

Motivation

1. I will be ready to participate to collectively financing local leaders for being a share of those who will have allowed development in Ngweshe

2. I will be ready to participate to collectively financing local leaders provided that they are transparent

3. I would like to participate to collectively financing local leadership so as peace becomes sustainable in Ngweshe

4. I would give funds and my participatory share provided that it goes through the planning of my ulterior investments in Ngweshe

5. I would like to participate provided that those who embezzle funds come in question before the justice

6. I would like to participate to the process of crowdfunding towards local leadership in order to rise crops production

7. My contribution to projects targeting development under local leadership is mainly prompted by my political ambitions in the area

Starting Price

Is there any set amount when contributing in your organization?

1. Yes 2. No

If yes, what is the monthly set amount?

..................

If no, is it a good policy?

1. Yes 2. No

What is the mean amount you would give after a year?

..................

Selected grouping for the project

Do you wish projects undertaken to be first applied in your home grouping?

1. Yes 2. No

|___|

Suppose that you're the policy decider, will you implement the most important projects in your home grouping rather than others of your chiefdom?

1. Yes 2. No

|___|

If yes (to question 2), what incites you to pay such an attention to towards your home grouping?

1. Community tie

2. Your center of interest

|___|

We thank you very much for your availability to contribute to this research fulfillment

* ⁵This table is altogether referred from Englebert and Kasongo (2016) with the whole related legend

* ⁶https://www.carnetsdubusiness.com/Les-nouveaux-mecanismes-du-consentement-a-payer_a618.html

* ⁷Patrick ROBO (1995) deems the existence of saturation since collected data and their analysis don't provide any additional information in the under way research.

* ⁹The variable Willingness to pay is diveded into two colums: the lower and the higher value

expressed to pay.