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The role of financial institutions in value chain finance in the global south


par Mohamed Ali Trabelsi
Technical University of Munich - Master of science Agricultural Management 2021
  

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Annex B: Database

II

Continent

 

Financial Institution

Country

Type

Foundation

Branches

Africa

Cameroon

Cooperative Credit Union League

Cameroon

cooperative

1968

12

Africa

Société Générale Côte d'Ivoire

Côte d'ivoire

Commercial Bank

1962

28

Africa

Banque Nationale D'Investissement

Côte d'ivoire

Commercial Bank

1959

22

Africa

Ecobank

Côte d'ivoire

Commercial Bank

1989

47

Africa

Société Ivoirienne de Banque

Côte d'ivoire

Commercial Bank

1962

66

Africa

Nouvelle Société Interafricaine d'Assurance

Côte d'ivoire

Insurance company

1906

0

Africa

Advans Côte d'Ivoire

Côte d'ivoire

MFI

2005

9

Africa

MicroCred Côte d'Ivoire

Côte d'ivoire

MFI

2010

23

Africa

MUCREFAB - Microfinance

Côte d'ivoire

MFI

1994

9

Africa

Fonds International pour le Développement de la Retraite Active

Côte d'ivoire

MFI

2011

8

Africa

Union Nationale des Coopératives d'Epargne et de Crédit de Côte d'Ivoire

Côte d'ivoire

MFI

1976

4

Africa

Eswatini Association of Savings and Credit Co-operatives

Eswatini

cooperative

1964

40

Africa

Nib International Bank

Ethiopia

Commercial Bank

1999

189

Africa

Harbu Microfinance Institution Share Company

Ethiopia

MFI

2005

13

Africa

Commercial Bank of Ethiopia

Ethiopia

Islamic Bank

1942

1714

Africa

National Association of Cooperative Credit Unions of The Gambia

Gambia

cooperative

1992

6

Africa

Ghana Co- operative Credit Union Association Ltd.

Ghana

cooperative

1955

11

Africa

Equity Bank

Kenya

Commercial Bank

1984

10

Africa

Agricultural Finance Corporation

Kenya

Agricultural Bank

1963

8

Africa

Faulu Kenya

Kenya

MFI

1991

67

Database

Africa

Family Bank

Kenya

Commercial Bank

1984

92

Africa

Cooperative Bank

Kenya

Commercial Bank

1931

100

Africa

Unity Finance

Kenya

cooperative

1974

15

Africa

Eclof Kneya

Kenya

MFI

1994

43

Africa

Juhudi Kilimo

Kenya

MFI

2004

39

Africa

Malawi Union of Savings and Credit Co-operatives, Ltd.

Malawi

cooperative

1962

47

Africa

Millennium bim - Particulares

Mozambique

Commercial Bank

1995

138

Africa

socremo banco de microfinanças

Mozambique

Commercial Bank

1998

13

Africa

African Banking Corporation

Mozambique

Commercial Bank

1999

10

Africa

Banco Mais

Mozambique

Commercial Bank

1999

7

Africa

Banco Único

Mozambique

Commercial Bank

2010

2

Africa

Barclays Bank

Mozambique

Commercial Bank

1991

3

Africa

Central Bank of West African States

Niger

International FI

1962

3

Africa

SunTrust Bank

Nigeria

Commercial Bank

2009

8

Africa

Keystonebank

Nigeria

Commercial Bank

1981

154

Africa

Union Bank of Nigeria

Nigeria

Commercial Bank

1917

320

Africa

UBA Group Corporate

Nigeria

Commercial Bank

1948

67

Africa

Zenith Bank

Nigeria

Commercial Bank

1990

390

Africa

Guaranty Trust Bank

Nigeria

Commercial Bank

1990

231

Africa

Standard Chartered Nigeria

Nigeria

Commercial Bank

1999

42

Africa

Polaris Bank Limited

Nigeria

Commercial Bank

2018

260

Africa

Heritage Bank Plc

Nigeria

Commercial Bank

1875

50

Africa

Bank of Kigali

Rwanda

Commercial Bank

1966

79

Africa

Banque Populaire Du Rwanda

Rwanda

Commercial Bank

1975

193

Africa

Association of Microfinance Institutions in Rwanda

Rwanda

MFI

2007

185

Africa

Seychelles Credit Union

Asia

Seychelles

Credit union

1970

3

Africa

Development Bank of Southern Africa

South Africa

Development Bank

1983

0

Africa

Land and Agricultural

South Africa

Development Bank

1912

9

 
 
 
 
 

Database

 

III

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Development Bank of South Africa

 
 
 
 

Africa

Equity Bank South Sudan Limited

South Sudan

Commercial Bank

2009

5

Africa

National

Microfinance Bank

Tanzania

Commercial Bank

1997

226

Africa

FBME LIMITED

Tanzania

Commercial Bank

1990

4

Africa

Amana Bank

Tanzania

Islamic Bank

2011

10

Africa

Savings and Credit Cooperative Union League of Tanzania Ltd.

Tanzania

cooperative

1992

0

Africa

Azania Bank Ltd

Tanzania

Commercial Bank

1995

27

Africa

CRDB Bank

Tanzania

Commercial Bank

1996

260

Africa

Centenary Bank

Uganda

MFI

1985

63

Africa

Stanbic Bank

Uganda

Commercial Bank

1991

15

Africa

Mercantile Credit Bank

Uganda

Commercial Bank

1981

0

Africa

Uganda Cooperative Savings & Credit Union, Ltd.

Uganda

cooperative

1972

100

Africa

FINCA

Uganda

MFI

1992

29

Africa

UGAFODE Microfinance Limited (MDI)

Uganda

MFI

1994

19

Africa

First National Bank

Zambia

Commercial Bank

1838

22

Africa

ZANACO Bank

Zambia

Commercial Bank

1969

60

Africa

Stanbic Bank

Zambia

Commercial Bank

1906

63

Africa

Barclays Bank

Zambia

Commercial Bank

1991

47

Africa

National Association of Savings and Credit Unions

Zambia

cooperative

1969

0

Africa

National Association of Cooperative Savings & Credit Unions of Zimbabwe

Zimbabwe

cooperative

1980

118

Asia

Islamic Investment and Finance Cooperatives Group

Afghanistan

cooperative

2009

18

Asia

BRAC Bank

Bangladesh

Commercial Bank

2001

9

Asia

Bangladesh Commerce Bank Ltd

Bangladesh

Commercial Bank

1998

48

 
 
 
 
 

Database

 

IV

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Asia

Prime Bank Limited

Bangladesh

Commercial Bank

1995

146

Asia

ONE Bank Ltd.

Bangladesh

Islamic Bank

1999

103

Asia

Standard Bank Ltd

Bangladesh

Islamic Bank

1999

34

Asia

sonali bank

Bangladesh

Islamic Bank

2007

1228

Asia

Grameen Bank

Bangladesh

MFI

1983

2568

Asia

HDFC Bank

India

Commercial Bank

1994

5653

Asia

ational Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development

India

Development Bank

1982

32

Asia

National Dairy Development Board of India

India

cooperative

1965

2

Asia

Basix India

India

MFI

1996

50

Asia

KBS Bank

India

Commercial Bank

1996

29

Asia

YES Bank

India

Commercial Bank

2003

1000

Asia

Reserve Bank of India

India

State

development bank

1935

4

Asia

South Indian Federation of Fishermen Societies

India

cooperative

1980

0

Asia

Small Industries Development Bank of India

India

Commercial Bank

1990

33

Asia

National Agricultural Cooperative Federation

Korea

cooperative

1974

86

Asia

Mongolian

Confederation of Credit Unions

Mongolia

cooperative

2008

22

Asia

Nepal Federation of Savings & Credit Cooperative Unions. Ltd.

Nepal

cooperative

1963

34

Asia

National

Cooperative Bank Ltd. (NCBL)

Nepal

cooperative

2003

373

Asia

Quedan and Rural Credit Guarantee Corporation

Philippines

cooperative

1978

14

Asia

National

Confederation of Cooperatives

Philippines

cooperative

1977

119

Asia

Development Bank of the Philippine

Philippines

state

development bank

1947

127

Asia

Philippine

Federation of Credit Cooperative

Philippines

cooperative

1960

0

Asia

Federation of Thrift & Credit

Sri Lanka

cooperative

1978

985

 
 
 
 
 

Database

 

V

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Cooperative Societies Ltd.

 
 
 
 

Asia

bank for agriculture and agricultural cooperatives

Thailand

Development Bank

1966

1327

Asia

Small and Medium Enterprise

Development Bank

Thailand

Development Bank

2005

27

Asia

Cooperative Bank of Vietnam

Vietnam

cooperative

2013

100

America

Barbados Co- operative & Credit Union League Ltd.

Barbados

cooperative

1957

29

America

Belize Credit Union League Ltd.

Belize

cooperative

1956

7

America

Bermuda Credit Union Co-op Society

Bermuda

cooperative

1972

0

America

Sartawi Foundation

Bolivia

MFI

1989

40

America

PROFIN Foundation

Bolivia

MFI

2001

0

America

Pro-rural

Bolivia

cooperative

2001

0

America

Sicredi

Participações

Brazil

cooperative

2000

2000

America

Cayman Islands Civil Service Association Cooperative Credit Union Ltd.

Cayman Islands

cooperative

1975

46

America

Federación Nacional de Cooperativas de Ahorro y Crédito Financieras

Colombia

cooperative

2012

3205

America

Banco BAC San José S.A.

Costa Rica

Commercial Bank

1952

11

America

Federación de Cooperativas de Ahorro y Credito de Costa Rica R.L.

Costa Rica

cooperative

1999

14

America

The Curacao Federation of Cooperatives

Curacao

cooperative

1961

6

America

Asociación de Instituciones Rurales de Ahorro y Crédito, Inc.

Dominican Republic

cooperative

1991

24

America

Federación de
Asociaciones
Cooperativas

El Salvador

cooperative

1966

130

America

Cooperativas Micoope

Guatemala

cooperative

1963

300

America

Guyana Co- operative Credit Union League

Guyana

cooperative

2009

29

America

National Bank for Agricultural Development

Honduras

Agricultural Bank

1950

10

 
 
 
 
 

Database

 

VI

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

America

fundacioncovelo

Honduras

MFI

1985

0

America

VisionFund

Honduras

MFI

1995

17

America

Jamaica Co- operative Credit Union League Ltd

Jamaica

cooperative

1942

102

America

Banco Mercantil del Norte

Mexico

Commercial Bank

1899

20

America

Trust Funds for Rural Development

Mexico

Development Bank

1954

131

America

Nacional Financiera

Mexico

Development Bank

1934

3

America

Caja Popular Mexicana

Mexico

cooperative

1951

20

America

St. Patrick's Co- operative Credit Union

Montserrat

cooperative

2009

0

America

Banco Lafise

Nicaragua

Commercial Bank

1985

47

America

Credinka

Peru

cooperative

1994

90

America

Financiera Confianza

Peru

MFI

1991

115

America

Banco de Credito del Peru

Peru

Commercial Bank

1889

370

America

Fovida

Peru

cooperative

1987

3

America

Banco Bilbao Vizcaya

Argentaria/Peru

Peru

Commercial Bank

1951

300

America

St. Kitts & Nevis National Co- operative League Ltd.

Saint Kitts & Nevis

cooperative

2009

4

America

St. Lucia Co- operative League Ltd.

Saint Lucia

cooperative

1977

15

America

St. Vincent and the Grenadines Co- operative League, Ltd.

Saint Vincent & the

Grenadines

cooperative

1962

4

America

Co-operative Credit Union League of Trinidad & Tobago

Trinidad & Tobago

cooperative

1947

80

Global

Root Capital

International

NGO

1999

4

Global

Inter-American Development Bank

International

Development Bank

1959

28

Global

Rabobank

International

cooperative

1895

428

Global

International Finance Corporation

International

International FI

1956

184

Global

Incofin Investment Management

International

International Fund

2001

5

Global

Grameen Foundation and Fair Trade international

International

NGO

1997

2568

Global

Shared Interest

International

cooperative

1990

51

 
 
 
 
 

Database

VII

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Global

Financial services and enterprise development

International

International Fund

1968

13

Global

European Microfinance Platform

International

MFI

1900

130

Global

Triodos Bank

International

Development Bank

1980

109

Global

International Raiffeisen Union

International

cooperative

1968

52

Global

International Fund for Agricultural Development

International

International FI

1977

177

Global

Inter-American Foundation

International

International Fund

1969

22

 
 
 
 
 

Database

VIII

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Annex C: Survey for FIs Officials

Dear colleague,

We at the Technical University of Munich (TUM), Germany are conducting a survey about financial institutions. We would like to understand how your institution finances the agriculture sector, specifically financial products, the credit screening and scoring mechanisms employed, and the instrument used to mitigate risk and reduce transaction costs.

ü Why have I been chosen? Following a bibliographic search, we have identified your institute as meeting certain criteria eligible for this study

ü What will I be asked? general questions about your institute, the economic situation, and the method of financing the agricultural sector.

ü How my data will be stored? All the information we obtain will remain strictly confidential and anonymous.

Researcher's details: Mohamed Ali Trabelsi, Email: dali.trabelsi@tum.de More Information: Supervisors: Roberto Villalba and Terese Venus.

If you would like further details, please check the university [TUM School of Life Sciences] website or this YouTube Link.

By consenting to take part, you agree to the following.

I have read the information sheet.

I have had the opportunity to ask question I understand my data will be anonymous

Q0. The survey will take about 20-30 minutes. Do you consent to take part? Choose an item. FORCE RESPONSE

ASK ONLY IF YES IS SELECTED IN Q0

1.0 General Information

Q1.1 How would you best describe your institution? Choose an item.

Q1.2 Please select the Continent: Choose an item.

Q1.3 Please select the Country Choose an item.

Q1.4 When was your institutions established Choose an item.

Q1.5 Could you select your position please? Choose an item.

Q1.6 How many years have you been working in agricultural finance? Choose an item.

Q1.7 How many years has your institution been working in agricultural finance? Choose an item.

Survey with Financial Institutions in the Global South - Multiple-respondent questionnaire

IX

 
 

2.0 Economic information

Q2.1 What where the total assets of your institutions? Click or tap here to enter text. Q2.2 What was your institution's total equity? Click or tap here to enter text.

Q2.3. What was the total gross loan portfolio of your institution? Click or tap here to enter

text.

Q2.4 How many branches did your institution have? Click or tap here to enter text. Q2.5 How many employees did your institution have? Click or tap here to enter text. Q2.6 Which one of the following is the priority sector Choose an item.

3.0 Agricultural credit: screening, scoring and monitoring

Q3.1 Do you offer credit to all your customer? Choose an item. FORCE RESPONSE ASK ONLY IF YES IS SELECTED IN Q3.1

*Product and Financial flows*

Q3.2 What lending products does your institution offer?Check all that apply.

ALLOW MULTIPLE ANSWERS

3.2.1. Agricultural loan

?

3.2.2. Animal Husbandry loan

?

3.2.3. Consumption loan

?

3.2.4. Production loan (input)

?

3.2.5. Income generating activities

?

3.2.6. Working capital loans

?

3.2.7. Asset building

?

3.2.8. Lease financing

?

3.2.9 Micro-leasing (equipment)

?

3.2.10. Emergencies

?

3.2.11. Commercialization credit

?

3.2.12. Factoring (delay payment)

?

3.2.13. Others

?

Q3.3 What is the average loan per Borrower or range does your institution offer to client? Choose an item.

Q3.4 What time frame for loans does your institution provide? ALLOW MULTIPLE ANSWERS

3.4.1. Short-term Loan

?

3.4.2. Medium-term Loan

?

3.4.3. Long-term Loan

?

X

Survey with Financial Institutions in the Global South - Multiple-respondent questionnaire

Q3.5 How is the loan disbursed? Choose an item.

Q3.6 How must the loan be repaid? Choose an item.

Q3.7 What is the interest rate per month?Choose an item.

Q3.8 What is the interest rate per year?Choose an item.

Q3.9 What is the percentage of other additional if incurred Choose an item.

*Risk management*

Q3.10 How is the loan securitized? ALLOW MULTIPLE ANSWERS

3.10.1 Securitization based on sales contract

?

3.10.2 Loan is percentage of value of produce

?

3.10.3 Collateral provided

?

3.10.4 Transaction carried out through bank account

?

3.10.5 Warehouse inventory

?

3.10.6 Deposit

?

3.10.7 Producer organizations members (group account)

?

3.10.8 Assessment and investigation

?

3.10.9 Legal document

?

3.10.10 Household Item/ Leased Item

?

3.10.11 Peer pressure from group, pledged to group

?

3.10.12 Borrower must own the land

?

Q3.11 Who has to repay the loan after lending?

3.11.1. Individual Farmer/Borrower

?

3.11.2. Cooperative

?

3.11.3. Farmer group

?

3.11.4. neighborhood groups

?

3.11.5. Association

?

3.11.6. Marketing organization

?

*Information flows*

Q3.12 Which of the following information does the institution require before the loan is disbursed? ALLOW MULTIPLE ANSWERS

3.12.1 recent audited financial statement

?

3.12.2. recent interim financial statement

?

3.12.3. Cash flow prognosis for new season

?

3.12.4. Projected profit

?

3.12.5. Review of previous season (yield, contract, etc.)

?

3.12.6. development of market prices

?

3.12.7. realized investment

?

3.12.8. identity card

?

3.12.9. status in registry financial systems

?

3.12.10. Registration of membership

?

Survey with Financial Institutions in the Global South - Multiple-respondent questionnaire

XI

 
 

3.12.11. Basic plan on how the loan will be used

?

3.12.12. Credit history

?

3.12.13. Potential buyers

?

3.12.14. Group registration certificate

?

3.12.15. Application letter

?

3.12.16. current year management account

?

3.12.17. Account number

?

3.12.18. Reputation

?

3.12.19. Characteristics of the family

?

3.12.20. Number of Ha owned

?

3.12.21. Area planted

?

Q3.13 What additional information do you require during the loan period? ALLOW MULTIPLE ANSWERS

3.13.1. Monthly savings of group

?

3.13.2. Report of monthly meetings

?

3.13.3. A field credit officer

?

3.13.4. Check crop progress

?

3.13.5. Price of agricultural inputs

?

3.13.6. Farm inspection by specialist

?

3.13.7. Monthly project monitoring report

?

Q3.14 How long take on average between the application and the disbursement of the loan? Choose an item.

*Borrower characteristics*

Q3.15 Which of the following affect the lending decision? ALLOW MULTIPLE ANSWERS

3.15.1. Assets

?

3.15.2. Age

?

3.15.3. Education

?

3.15.4. Marital status

?

3.15.5. Number of children

?

3.15.6. Employment

?

3.15.7. Farm type

?

3.15.8. Landholding size

?

3.15.9. Borrower's Liquidity

?

3.15.10. Repayment capacity

?

3.15.11. Relationship indicators

?

3.15.12. Collateral requirements

?

3.15.13. Province

?

3.15.14. Other features

?

Q3.16 What is the most suitable age for getting the credit? ASK ONLY IF AGE IS SELECTED IN 3.15

3.16.1. < 25-year-old ?

3.16.2. 26 - 35-year-old ?

Survey with Financial Institutions in the Global South - Multiple-respondent questionnaire

XII

 
 

3.16.3. 36 - 45-year-old ?

3.16.4. >46-years-old ?

03.17 Which of the following education level is most reliable for credit allocation? ASK ONLY IF EDUCATION IS SELECTED IN 3.15

3.17.1. Illiterate

?

3.17.2. Literate

?

3.17.3. Primary

?

3.17.4. Middle Class

?

3.17.5. High School

?

3.17.6. Intermediate

?

3.17.7. Graduation

?

3.17.8. Post-Graduation and Above

?

3.17.9. Any professional course & Technical

?

03.18 What farmer's Marital Status do the financial Institution consider as an advantage before lending? ASK ONLY IF MARITAL STATUS IS SELECTED IN 3.15

03.18.1. Married

?

03.18.2. Unmarried

?

03.18.3. Widow

?

03.18.4. Divorced

?

03.18.5. Separated

?

03.19. What number of children is an advantage for an agricultural credit? ASK ONLY IF NUMBER OF CHILDREN IS SELECTED IN 3.15

3.19.1. None

?

3.19.2. 1-2 Children

?

3.19.3. 3-5 Children

?

3.19.4. > 6 children

?

03.20 Does your institute consider farmer Employment, if yes, which of the following is a key factor? ASK ONLY IF EMPLOYMENT IS SELECTED IN 3.15

3.20.1. Employed

?

3.20.2. Unemployed

?

3.20.3. self Employed

?

3.20.4. Professional

?

03.21 What types of agriculture activity (Farm type) eligible for a credit? ASK ONLY IF FARM TYPE IS SELECTED IN 3.15

3.21.1. Arable Farming

?

3.21.2. Pastoral Farming

?

3.21.3. Mixed Farming

?

3.21.4. Subsistence Farming

?

3.21.5. Commercial Farming

?

XIII

Survey with Financial Institutions in the Global South - Multiple-respondent questionnaire

3.21.6. Extensive and Intensive Farming ?

3.21.7. Nomadic Farming ?

3.21.8. Sedentary Farming ?

3.21.9. Poultry Farming ?

3.21.10. Fish Farming ?

Q3.22 How many Ha of agricultural land (Landholding Size) do farmers at least operate to be qualified for a loan? ASK ONLY IF LANDHOLDING SIZE IS SELECTED IN 3.15

3.22.1. Landless ?

3.22.2. < 1Ha ?

3.22.3. 1-5 Ha ?

3.22.4. 6-10 Ha ?

3.22.5. 11 Ha ?

Q3.23 What types of guarantees are accepted by your institute? ASK ONLY IF COLLATERAL IS SELECTED IN 3.15

3.23.1. Livestock ?

3.23.2. equipment ?

3.23.3. guarantor ?

3.23.4. Land ?

3.23.5. Others ?

Q3.24 Which of the relationship indicators does your institute take into consideration? ASK ONLY IF NUMBER OF RELATIOINSHIP INDICATORS IS SELECTED IN 3.15

3.24.1. Borrowing from others ?

3.24.2. Duration for repayment ?

3.24.3. Others ?

4.0 Agricultural finance within value chains

Q4.1 Do your institution use any of these practices?Choose an item.

Q4.2 Are you familiar with this approach of AVCF or have you ever heard about it? Choose an item. FORCE RESPONSE

ASK ONLY IF YES IS SELECTED IN Q4.3

5.0 Financial product & Instrument employed

Q5.1 Out of the following five financial products, which type of financial product are you familiar with/do your institution apply in agriculture lending? ALLOW MULTIPLE ANSWERS

5.1.1 Product financing ?

5.1.2 Receivables financing ?

5.1.3 Physical asset collateralization ?

5.1.4 Risk mitigation products ?

Survey with Financial Institutions in the Global South - Multiple-respondent questionnaire

XIV

 
 

5.1.5 Financial enhancements ?

ASK ONLY IF PRODUCT FINANCING IS SELECTED IN Q5.1

05.2 Which of the following instruments has <INSERT 01.1 INSTITUTION> ever used?

5.2.1 Trader credit

?

5.2.2 Input supplier credit

?

5.2.3 Marketing Credit Company

?

5.2.4 Lead firm financing

?

ASK ONLY IF RECCEIVABLES FINANCING IS SELECTED IN Q5.1

05.3 Which of the following instruments has <INSERT 01.1 INSTITUTION> ever used?

5.3.1 Trade receivables finance

?

5.3.2 Factoring

?

5.3.3 Forfaiting

?

ASK ONLY IF PHYSICAL ASSET COLLATERALIZATION IS SELECTED IN Q5.1

05.4 Which of the following instruments has <INSERT 01.1 INSTITUTION> ever used?

5.4.1 Warehouse receipts

?

5.4.2 Repurchase agreements

?

5.4.3 financial leasing

?

ASK ONLY IF RISK MITIGATION PRODUCTS IS SELECTED IN Q5.1

05.5 Which of the following instruments has <INSERT 01.1 INSTITUTION> ever used?

5.5.1 Insurance

?

5.5.2 Forward contracts

?

5.5.3 Futures

?

ASK ONLY IF FINANCIAL ENHANCEMENTS IS SELECTED IN Q5.1

05.6 Which of the following instruments has <INSERT 01.1 INSTITUTION> ever used?

5.6.1 Securitization instruments

?

5.6.2 Loan guarantees

?

5.6.3 Joint venture finance

?

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XV

Survey with Financial Institutions in the Global South - Multiple-respondent questionnaire

Annex D: R Script

# Descriptive Analysis #

data1 <- na.omit(X20210922_database_FIs_MAT)

data<- data1[-1]

plot(data)

data

summary(data)

#Scale Data #

Data_scaled = apply(data, 2, function(r) {

if (sd(r) != 0)

res = (r - mean(r))/sd(r) else res = 0 * r

res

})

summary(Data_scaled)

install packages#

install.packages("dplyr")

install.packages("ggplot2")

install.packages("ggfortify")

install.packages("factoextra")

install.packages("clusterSim")

# load required libraries #

library(stats)

library(dplyr)

library(ggplot2)

library(ggfortify)

library(factoextra)

# WSS plot function #

wssplot <- function(Data_scaled, nc=15, seed=1234){

R Script

XVI

 
 

wss <- (nrow(Data_scaled)-1)*sum(apply(Data_scaled,2,var))

for (i in 2:nc){

set.seed(seed)

wss[i] <- sum(kmeans(Data_scaled, centers=i)$withinss)}

plot(1:nc, wss, type="b", xlab="Number of Clusters",

ylab="Within groups sum of squares")}

# Hierarchical Clustering ....

d <- dist(Data_scaled)

fith <- hclust(d, "ward.D2")

plot(fith)

# WSS Plot to choose maximum number of clusters #

wssplot(Data_scaled)

# Choosing K

k<- list()

for (i in 1:10){

k[[i]]<- kmeans(na.omit(data), i)

}

k[[9]]

k

betweenss_totss <- list()

for (i in 1:10) {

betweenss_totss[[i]]<-k[[i]]$betweenss/k[[i]]$totss

}

plot (1:10, betweenss_totss, type = "b" ,

ylab = "between SS / Total SS", xlab = "clusters(k)")

for (i in 1:4){

plot(data, k[[i]]$cluster)

}

 
 
 

R Script

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# K-Means cluster #

KM= kmeans(Data_scaled,5)#

# Evaluating Cluster Analysis#

# Cluster plot 5#

autoplot(KM,Data_scaled,frame=TRUE)

# Segmentation & Visualization #

KM.clusters <- KM$cluster

rownames(Data_scaled) <- data1$id

fviz_cluster(list(data=Data_scaled,cluster=KM.clusters))

# cluster Membership #

KM$cluster

table(KM.clusters, data1$id)

table(data1$id, KM.clusters)

# Clusters Center #

KM$centers

# descriptive statistics at the cluster level

library(clusterSim)

desc <- cluster.Description(Data_scaled,KM$cluster)

print(desc)

summary(desc)

library(factoextra)

sil <- silhouette(KM$cluster, dist(Data_scaled))

fviz_silhouette(sil)

R Script

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