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Ocean grabbing: a threath to food security in Sierra Leone


par Sophia Camélia Ghrair
Université Paris 13 - Villetaneuse - M1 Relations et Echanges Internationaux 2019
  

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IV. The violation of the right to food

Ocean grabbing in the form of illegal fishing or even fisheries agreement that perpetuate unsustainable use of marine resources, deprive fisherfolks of their mean of subsistence. By doing so, they also deprive those communities of their right to food. The right to food is universally recognized both at a global level by international organizations through various documents and at national level in Sierra Leone through the constitution.

1. The concept of right to food: a comprehensive definition

Usually interpreted as the `right to feed oneself', the right to food is a fundamental human right established by the United Nations more than 50 years ago and globally recognized by most countries. The violation of the right to food occurs when economic interest surpasses the respect of fundamental human right (Golay et Ozden 2005).

The definition of right to food was shaped by former special rapporteur on the right to food Jean Ziegler who build on the definitions present in the International Bill of Human Rights37 drafted more than 50 years before. Jean Ziegler understands the right to food as:

37 International Bill of Human Rights is a document produced by the UN General Assembly in 1948 through the Resolution 217. It includes the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966) and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966) with its two Optional Protocols.

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« the right to have regular, permanent and free access, either directly or through purchase, to
quantitatively and qualitatively adequate and sufficient food, that is in line with the cultural
traditions of the people»
(Ziegler, Golay et Mahon, The Fight for the Right to Food: Lessons
Learned 2011)

In addition to the access to food he also considers the access to any kind of resource that can benefit the people and insure their subsistence. Hence, the right to food includes but is not restricted to, the access to land, clean water, technology, the guarantee of property or traditional fishing areas for fisherfolks who depend on it for their subsistence (Ziegler, Golay et Mahon, The Fight for the Right to Food: Lessons Learned 2011).

The right to food therefore includes two main components: availability and access to food. Food must be available directly, becoming a source a food or through natural resources being sold in order to generate income that will then be used to purchase food. Access to food is both physical and economic. Everyone should have access including vulnerable people to `sufficient and adequate food'. The access to food and people's diet should not be limited by their income. The spending of an individual, a household or a community should not be limited by the proportion they have to allocate to food leading to a lower level of health, education or housing. Be as we mentioned before poor households in Sierra Leone allocate more than two thirds of their income in food items. This is especially true in coastal communities whose income are becoming more uncertain with time. The link between the right to food and food security comes from shared components. The right to food incorporates all the components of food security and combines them to accountability (Ziegler, Golay et Mahon, The Fight for the Right to Food: Lessons Learned 2011).

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