3.3.3.5. Costs for the after-care
The costs for after-care is not only dependent on the kind of
final use but also on provisions to monitor the groundwater quality, existence
of gas, the winning of gas, the stability of the completed landfill. Needed
provisions are depending on the characteristics of the filled waste, the kind
of subsoil, the hydrogeological situation, and the kind of final use.
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2.3.4. Hydrologic/Hydrogeologic Criteria 2.3.4.1.
Surface water
The landfill site should not be placed within surface water or
water resources protection areas to protect surface water from contamination by
leachate. Safe distances from meandering and non-meandering rivers should be
achieved to prevent waste from eroding into rivers and major streams. A
landfill should not be located within 100 feet (30.48 m) of any non-meandering
stream or river, and at least 300 feet (91.44 m) from any meandering stream or
river. Large ponds, lakes, and reservoirs should have a buffer zone of land to
prevent blown debris and runoff from harming aquatic habitats. Large bodies of
water (greater than 20 acres (80937.45 m2) of surface area) should be at least
100 feet (30.48 m) from any landfill site.
2.3.4.2. Groundwater
To protect subsurface drinking water, landfills should not be
situated over high quality groundwater resources. Fresh groundwater (total
dissolved solids>1000 mg/l) should be avoided or protected with a compound
liner system and monitoring wells (Bagchi, 1994). Since potential leachate
leaks will travel down gradient, landfills should be placed greater than 304.8
m (1000 feet) up gradient from water wells.
2.3.5. Topographical Criteria
The topography of an area is an important factor on site
selection, structural integrity, and the flow of fluids surrounding a landfill
site because it has important implications for landfill capacity, drainage,
ultimate land use, surface and groundwater pollution control, site access and
related operations (Wilson, 1977). Deciding the type of landfill design (area-,
trench-, and depression-type landfills) is directly related to topography of a
site.
2.3.6. Geological Criteria
The geology of an area will directly control the soil types
created from the parent material, loading bearing capacity of the landfill's
foundation soil, and the migration of leachate. Rock and its structure type
will determine the nature of soils and the permeability of the bedrock.
Geologic structure will influence the movement of leachate and potential
rock-slope failure along joints and tilted bedding planes.
On the other hand, RURA states that a landfill site should meet
the following criteria:
The site shall not be closer than three thousand (3,000) meters
from an airport, airfield or site reserved for the construction of an airport
or airfield;
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The site shall be located and operated in such a manner that
it does not create significant negative impacts on flora and fauna on adjoining
land;
The site shall not be closer than four hundred (400) meters from
an existing residential development;
The edge of the landfill shall not be closer than hundred
(100) meters from an area to which the public have access, a national park,
protected area or an area having national historical or archaeological
significance;
There must be a buffer area around the landfill of at least
twenty (20) meters to allow provision for visual screening from adjoining
properties.
Landfill access roads shall be located and constructed so as
to have a minimum impact on adjacent residents.
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