CHAPTER: II CONCEPTUAL AND
LITERATURE REWIEW
A literature Review is an account of what has been published
on a topic by accredited scholars and researchers and a discursive prose not a
list describing or summarizing one piece of literature after another. It also
is a part of the introduction to an essay, a dissertation, a research report,
and/or thesis. It aims at showing and conveying the readers what knowledge and
ideas have been established on a topic and what are they weakness and
strengths, guiding and enlarging the knowledge about the topic under study.
2.1 Introduction
This chapter comprises the definition and related terms of
relevant concepts within the topic, it for making clear that this study is
crucial because other author s published their work on it. The emphasized
concepts are: organization, communication, and organizational communication,
work effectiveness, local, local government, and local government entities.
2.2 Organizational
communication
2.2.1 Communication in proper
context
According Richter, (2000: 03), the Communication is the
process of meaningful interaction among human beings. It is the act of passing
information and the process by which meanings are exchanged so as to produce
understanding». The word communication comes from a Latin word:
communicare which means to transmit, to share, to
pass along or make known. The way humans communicate has undergone dramatic
changes in the past century and even more so in the last decade or two. Early
civilizations expressed themselves by using signs and symbols in communication.
Later, language systems developed differently indifferent parts of the world so
we could talk to each other.
Communication requires a sender, a message, a medium and a
recipient, although the receiver does not have to be present or aware of the
sender's intent to communicate at the time of communication; thus communication
can occur across vast distances in time and space. Communication requires that
the communicating parties share an area of communicative commonality.
MacBride et al (1981:8) identified some specific functions of
communication as: i) Information: the collection, storage, processing and
dissemination of News, data, pictures etc required for everyday life. ii)
Socialization: the provision of a common fund of knowledge which enables people
to operate as effective members of the society in which they live. iii)
Motivation: the fostering of individual or community activities, geared to the
pursuit of agreed goals. Education: the transmission of knowledge so as to
foster intellectual development, character formation and acquisition of skills.
iv) Cultural promotion: the dissemination of cultural and artistic products for
the purpose of preserving the heritage of the past. v) Entertainment: the
diffusion through signs, symbols, sounds and images for personal and collective
recreation and enjoyment
According to Rothwell (2000:38), there are Interconnectedness
between Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication: a) Repetition: Repetition reduces
ambiguity and enhances the accuracy of message perception. Also consistency of
verbal and non-verbal codes increases the clarity and credibility of messages.
b) Accentuation: Accenting enhances the power and seriousness of verbal
messages. When we use the vocal emphasis, it adds emphasis when desired. c)
Substitution: A yawn can substitute for the verbal «I am tired» or
«I am bored»; «a wave», «goodbye»; an
«uh-hum», «I understand; and shaking your head in disapproval,
«no». d) Regulation: Conversation is regulated by non-verbal cues.
Students can signal intention to speak by rising up their hands, and a teacher
can regulate by recognizing a student's desire to speak by pointing to the
person, meaning it is «your turn to speak». e) Contradiction:
Sometimes we contradict verbal messages with nonverbal cues i.e. there are
inconsistencies between verbal and non-verbal cues. Essentially the words say
one thing, but gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, posture, tone of
voice, and physical proximity leak contradictory information.
| 
