ABSTRACT
From January to December 2006, we carried out a study which
unveiled the Culicidiae fauna near the pond in the
Zoétélé council area, situated in the outskirts of the
North-East of Zoétélé town (East longitude:
11°53'40», North latitude: 3°15'26») in the Equatorial
forest of Cameroon, in the Dja and Lobo Division of South Region.
Zoétélé has a Guinean type of climate, which is
characterized by four seasons: two rainy seasons (the low peak ranging from
March to June and the high peak from September to November) alternating with
two dry seasons (the low peak ranging from July to August and the high peak
from December to February). Samples were collected from the pond in the council
neighborhood situated some 70 m from the town hall.
Culicidae larvae (6730 in number, 4274 from the
Anophelinae sub-family and 2456 from the Culicinae
sub-family) were collected from this pond using the dipping method. From these
larvae, 5327 Culicidae nymphs were obtained (3415 from the
Anophelinae sub-family and 1912 from the Culicinae
sub-family) and also 5033 Culicidae imagoes.
Eleven different types of mosquitoes emerged from the
identification process, which are classified into three types: four species of
Anopheles (Anopheles moucheti, Anopheles nili, Anopheles gambiae and
Anopheles funestus), three species of Culex (Culex quinquefasciatus,
Culex duttoni and Culex tigripes) and four species of Aedes (Aedes
albopictus, Aedes aegypti, Aedes tarsalis and Aedes vittatus).
Quantitatively, it therefore emerged that the
Anopheles species is the most widespread (68. 11 %) followed by
Culex (19. 23 %) and then Aedes (12. 66 %).
Concerning Anopheles type, Anopheles
moucheti is the leading vector of malaria throughout the year with a
frequency of 41. 07 %. Its production mostly during the low peak of the rainy
season. The analysis of variance test (ANOVA) confirmed that seasonal
variations do not significantly influence the population of Anopheles
moucheti during the four seasons (F = 3.258; ddl=3; P=0.081).
Anopheles nili comes after Anopheles moucheti, with a
frequency of 29. 72 %. Its production peak is equally during the low peak of
the rainy season. A non -significant difference in the variations of the
population of
Anopheles nili with regard to the four seasons is
confirmed by the analysis variance test (ANOVA) (F=1.665; ddl = 3; P=0.251).
The Culex type is dominated by Culex
quinquefasciatus species with a population of 492 (50. 83 %), the species
which is the leading vector of Bancroft's filariosis or elephantiasis. Its
production peak is during the low peak of the dry season. The analysis of
variance test (ANOVA) showed a non-significant difference in the variations of
the population of Culex quinquefasciatus during the four seasons
(F=1.024; ddl = 3; P=0.432).
Aedes albopictus (potential vector of the dengue) and
Aedes aegypti (vector of the yellow fever) are the most widespread
species of Aedes with a frequency of 47. 41% and 24. 65 %
respectively. Their reproduction peak is during the low peak of the dry season.
The analysis of variance test (ANOVA) revealed that the four seasons do not
significantly influence the population of Aedes albopictus (F=4.031;
ddl=3; P = 0.051). On the contrary, a significant difference in the variations
of the Aedes aegypti population during the four seasons is revealed by
the analysis of variance test (ANOVA) (F=4.186; ddl = 3; P=0.047).
Key words: Culicidae fauna,
Zoétélé, Council, Anopheles, Culex, Aedes.
SOMMAIRE
Dédicace
iRemerciements .iiRésumé iiiAbstract .v
Sommaire viiListe des figures ix
Liste des tableaux x
Liste des abréviations ..xi
INTRODUCTION .1
CHAPITRE I : REVUE DE LA LITTERATURE SUR LES
CULICIDAE 4
I.1. POSITION DANS LA SYSTEMATIQUE DES CULICIDAE ...5
I.2. BIO-ECOLOGIE ET MORPHOLOGIE SOMMAIRE DES DIFFERENTS
STADES
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DE DEVELOPPEMENT DE CULICIDAE
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11
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I.2.1. L'oeuf
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12
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I.2.2. La larve
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.13
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I.2.3. La nymphe
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15
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I.2.4. L'adulte
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.16
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I.3. LUTTE ANTIVECTORIELLE
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19
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I.3.1. Lutte contre les oeufs et les larves
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20
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I.3.2. Lutte anti-imago .
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.21
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CHAPITRE II : MATERIEL ET METHODES
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25
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II.1. MATERIEL
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26
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II.1.1. Matériel biologique
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..26
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II.1.2. Matériel technique
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26
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II.1.3. Matériel d'élevage
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28
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II.1.3.1. Table
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..28
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II.1.3.2. Cages
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.28
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II.1.3.3. Eau d'élevage
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28
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II.1.4 Site d'étude
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28
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II.2. METHODES
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29
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II.2.1. Echantillonnage des larves de Culicidae
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29
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II.2.2. Elevage
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.30
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II.2.3.Identification morphologique des adultes de Culicidae
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30
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II.2.4. Analyse des données
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30
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