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BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
I certify that the project report titled «THE
IMPACT OF FIBER OPTIC TRANSMISSION IN MULTISERVICE NETWORK IN
RWANDA» Case Study NUR Fiber Optic Network is the bonafide work
done by Mr. NIYITEGEKA Théogène (Ug10105802) In a partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor?s degree in
Electronics and Communication System Engineering and I certify that to the best
of my knowledge the work reported is my own work and it has not been submitted
anywhere for the award of any Degree.
Signature of Supervisor Signature of H.O.D
Dr. TWIZERE Celestin Eng. MANIRAGABA Ezechiel (Msc)
Signature of Internal Guide Signature of External Guide
Submitted for University examination held in October/ 2011 at
National University of Rwanda, University Avenue 117, Butare,
Rwanda.
ABSTRACT
Fiber Optic is a flexible and transparent fiber made of very
pure glass not much bigger than a human hair that acts as light pipe to
transmit light between the two ends of the fiber. In this project, we assess
the Network of National University of Rwanda and the impact of the fiber optic
in this network. The fiber optics, as seen in our project have changed the
daily life of many workers in this university throughout the high bandwidth
available with fiber optic connectivity.
We have seen that the company?s provider of network in Rwanda
can implement fiber optic in order to deliver a reliable service to their
customer.
However the bandwidth of fiber optic is usually greater than
other media cables and depending on the properties of a pure glass of the core
which make easy the total internal reflection of light inside the core and the
cladding of the fiber. The fiber optic grounded wire are allowed to transfer
more data and does not radiate electromagnetic wave in space.
DEDICATION
To The Almighty GOD
To My mother NTABUGI JEANNINE
To My
Brothers and Sisters
This project is dedicated
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I owe much thanks to the almighty God for his help and guidance
may this simple word express my respect to him.
I would also like to express my appreciation to Dr. Celestin
TWIZERE for his tireless efforts to guide us and supervise my work and make it
a success through encouragement and advices.
I am very grateful to my mother NTABUGI JEANNINE for her kindly
moral and financially support.
With respect, I express my special thanks to lectures and
staffs members of the faculty of Applied Sciences at National University of
Rwanda; My sincere thanks go also to Mr. NDUSHABANDI JEAN BOSCO for his
collaborating efforts to provide needed information to the achievement of this
project.
I wish to extend my sincere gratitude thanks to all classmates
and relatives who have directly or indirectly helped me and rendered great
moral encouragement.
NIYITEGEKA THEOGENE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Bonafide certificate i
Abstract ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Table of contents v
List of figures viii
List of symbols ix
CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Problem statement 2
1.3 Interest and relevance of the choice of the topic 2
1.4 Research hypothesis 3
1.5. Research methods 3
1.6 Limitation of the topic 3
1.7 Structure of the work 3
CHAPTER TWO: FIBER OPTIC TRANSMISSION 4
2.1 General information on the transmission media 4
2.1.1 Common characteristics 4
2.1.1.1 Bandwidth 4
2.1.1.2 Impedance characteristics 4
2.1.2 Guided media 5
2.1.2.1 The twister pair 5
2.1.2.2 Coaxial cable 5
2.1.2.3 Waveguide 6
2.1.2.4. Fiber optic 7
2.1.3 Unguided media 8
2.1.3.1 Microwave link 8
2.1.3.2 Satellite 8
2.2 Optical fiber cable 9
2.2.1 Definition 9
2.2.2 Principle of optical transmission. 10
2.2.4 Emission 13
2.2.5 Reception 14
2.2.6 Types of fiber optic 15
2.2.6.1 Single mode fiber optic 15
2.2.6.2 Multimode step index fiber optic 16
2.2.6.3 Multimode graded index fiber optic 17
2.2.7 Advantages and disadvantages of optical transmission 18
2.2.7.1 The advantages 18
2.2.7.2 The disadvantages 18
2.2.8 Application of fiber optic 18
2.2.9 Fiber optic connection 19
2.2.10 The principle structure of fiber optic 19
2.2.10.1. Fiber optical multiplexing 19
2.2.10.2 Fiber optical modulation 20
2.2.11 Maintenance of an optical link. 20
CHAPTER THREE: THE ANALYSIS OF FIBER OPTIC NETWORK IN NUR 21
3.1 Introduction 21
3.2 The fiber optic link 21
3.3 Passive optical network. 23
3.3.1 Ethernet passsive optic network 24
3.3.2 Broadband passive optic network 26
3.4 Active optical network 27
3.5 Sonet technology 28
3.6 Fiber optic losses 29
3.6.1 Types of losses 29
3.6.1.2 Absorption loss 30
3.6.1.3 Rayleigh scatter 31
3.6.1.4 Bending loss 31
3.6.1.5 Insertion loss 32
3.6.1.6 Return loss 32
CHAPTER FOUR: DISCUSSION AND INTERPRETATION OF THE RESULTS 33
4.1 Discussion of the network in nur 33
4.2 Fiber optic results in bandwidth and years in nur network
34
4.3 The increase in bandwidth chart of nur internet 35
4.4 The traffic monitoring of nur internet link 36
Conclusion and Recommendations 37
References 39
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