REFERENCES
(1) Voellinger R, Burnand B, Stiefel F. Traitement de la
dépression majeure en Hôpital "Général":
Recommandations pour la Pratique Clinique 2002.
(2) Voellinger R, Berney A, Baumann P, Annoni JM, Bryois C,
Buclin T, et al. Major depressive disorder in the general hospital: adaptation
of clinical practice guidelines. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2003 May;25(3):1 85-93.
(3) Michaud L. 264-CAN GUIDELINES IMPROVE THE DIAGNOSIS AND
MANAGEMENT OF MAJOR DEPRESSION IN THE GENERAL HOSPITAL? Journal of
Psychosomatic Research 2004 Jun;56(6):652-3.
(4) Camus V, Gonthier R, Dubos G, Schmitt L. Quantitative
evaluation of delirium symptomatology: construction of a new rating scale
(Clinical Subtype Assessment Scale for Delirium) from factor analysis of the
"Mental Confusion Scale". Annales Medico-Psychologiques 2000;158(4):323-7.
(5) Camus V, Burtin B, Simeone I, Schwed P, Gonthier R, Dubos G.
Factor analysis supports the evidence of existing hyperactive and hypoactive
subtypes of delirium. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2000; 1
5(4):3 13-6.
(6) Camus MV, Gonthier R, Dubos G, Schwed P, Simeone I.
Etiologic and outcome profiles in hypoactive and hyperactive subtypes of
delirium. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology 2000;13(1):38-42.
(7) Stiefel F, Holland J. Delirium in cancer patients. Int
Psychogeriatr 1991 ;3(2):333-6.
(8) Stiefel F, Razavi D. Common psychiatric disorders in cancer
patients. II. Anxiety and acute confusional states. Support Care Cancer 1994
Jul;2(4):233-7.
(9) Mazzocato C, Stiefel F, Buclin T, Berney A.
Psychopharmacology in supportive care of cancer: a review for the clinician:
II. Neuroleptics. Support Care Cancer 2000 Mar;8(2):89-97.
(10) Camus V. Phenomenology of acute confusional states. Br J
Psychiatry 2002 Sep 1; 181 (3):256-7.
(11) Joray S et al. Cognitive impairment in elderly medical
inpatients: Detection and health related outcomes. Am J Geriatr Psych. In press
2003.
(12) Field M, Lord K. Guidelines for clinical practice: from
development to use. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press; 1992.
(13) Grimshaw JM, Russell IT. Effect of clinical guidelines on
medical practice: a systematic review of rigorous evaluations. Lancet 1993 Nov
27;342(8883): 1317-22.
(14) ANAES SdReRp. Efficacité des méthodes de mise
en oeuvre des recommandations médicales. 2000 Jan.
(15) Grimshaw JM, Thomas RE, MacLennan G, Fraser C, Ramsay CR,
Vale L, et al. Effectiveness and efficiency of guideline dissemination and
implementation strategies. Health Technol Assess 2004 Feb;8(6):iii-72.
(16) Grimshaw JM, Eccles MP. Is evidence-based implementation of
evidence-based care possible? Med J Aust 2004 Mar 15;180(6 Suppl):S50-S51.
(17) Foreman MD, Mion LC, Tryostad L, Fletcher K. Standard of
practice protocol: acute confusion/delirium. NICHE Faculty. [Review] [24 refs].
Geriatric Nursing 1999 May;20(3):147-52.
(18) Trzepacz P, Breitbart W, Franklin J, Levenson J, Martini
DR, Wang P. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with delirium. In:
American Psychiatric Association, editor. American Psychiatric Association
Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders: Compendium
2002.Washington, DC, US: 2002. p. 29-66.
(19) University of Iowa Gerontological Nursing Interventions
Research Center RDCAI. Acute confusion/delirium. Iowa City: 1997.
(20) British Geriatrics Society. Delirium guidelines.
http://www.bgs.org.uk/.
Internet site 2003.
(21) Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with
delirium. American Psychiatric Association. Am J Psychiatry 1999 May; 156(5
Suppl): 1-20.
(22) Rapp CG, Mentes JC, Titler MG. Acute confusion/delirium
protocol. Journal of Gerontological Nursing 2001 Apr;27(4):21-33.
(23) Jacobi J, Fraser GL, Coursin DB, Riker RR, Fontaine D,
Wittbrodt ET, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the sustained use of
sedatives and analgesics in the critically ill adult. [erratum appears in Crit
Care Med 2002 Mar;30(3):726.]. Critical Care Medicine 2002 Jan;30(1):1
19-41.
(24) American College of Critical Care Medicine of the Society
of Critical Care Medicine ASoH-SPACoCP. Clinical practice guidelines for the
sustained use of sedatives and analgesics in the critically ill adult. American
Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 2002 Jan 1 5;59(2): 150-78.
(25) Nasraway-Jr SA, Jacobi J, Murray MJ, Lumb PD. Sedation,
analgesia, and neuromuscular blockade of the critically ill adult: Revised
clinical practice guidelines for 2002. Critical Care Medicine {CRIT CARE MED }
2002;30(1):117-8.
(26) Alexopoulos GS, silver JM, Kahn DA, Frances A., Carpenter
D. Treatment of agitation in older persons with dementia. 1998 Apr.
(27) Cole MG, Primeau FJ, Elie LM. Delirium: prevention,
treatment, and outcome studies. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology
1998;1 1(3):126-37.
(28) Elie M, Cole MG, Primeau FJ, Bellavance F. Delirium risk
factors in elderly hospitalized patients. Journal of General Internal Medicine:
Official Journal of the Society for Research and Education in Primary Care
Internal Medicine 1998 Mar;13(3):204-12.
(29) Cole MG, Primeau F, McCusker J. Effectiveness of
interventions to prevent delirium in hospitalized patients: a systematic
review. CMAJ 1996 Nov 1; 155(9): 1263-8.
(30) Cole MG, Primeau FJ. Prognosis of delirium in elderly
hospital patients. CMAJ 1993 Jul 1; 149(1):41-6.
(31) Fick DM, Agostini JV, Inouye SK. Delirium superimposed on
dementia: a systematic review. J Am Geriatr Soc 2002 Oct;50(10):1723-32.
(32) McCusker J, Kakuma R, Abrahamowicz M. Predictors of
functional decline in hospitalized elderly patients: a systematic review. J
Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2002 Sep;57(9):M569-M577.
(33) Yildiz A, Sachs GS, Turgay A. Pharmacological management of
agitation in emergency settings. Emergency Medicine Journal 1920
Jul;(4):339-46.
(34) van der Mast RC, Roest FH. Delirium after cardiac surgery:
a critical review. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 1996 Jul;41(1):13-30.
(35) Dyer CB, Ashton CM, Teasdale TA. Postoperative delirium. A
review of 80 primary data-collection studies. Arch Intern Med 1995 Mar
13;155(5):461-5.
(36) Smith MJ, Breitbart WS, Platt MM. A critique of instruments
and methods to detect, diagnose, and rate delirium. J Pain Symptom Manage 1995
Jan; 10(1):35-77.
(37) Stuck AE, Siu AL, Wieland GD, Adams J, Rubenstein LZ.
Comprehensive geriatric assessment: a meta-analysis of controlled trials.
Lancet 1993 Oct 23;342(8878):1032-6.
(38) Draper B. The effectiveness of old age psychiatry services.
Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2000 Aug; 1 5(8):687-703.
(39) Morrison RS, Chassin MR, Siu AL. The Medical Consultant's
Role in Caring for Patients with Hip Fracture. Ann Intern Med 1998 Jun
15;128(12 _Part _1):1010-a.
(40) Morita T, Tsuneto S, Shima Y. Definition of sedation for
symptom relief: A systematic literature review and a proposal of operational
criteria. Journal of Pain & Symptom Management Vol 24(4)()(pp 447- 453),
2002 Date of Publication: 01 OCT 2003 2002;(4):447-53.
(41) McNicol E, Horowicz-Mehler N, Fisk RA, Bennett K,
Gialeli-Goudas M, Chew PW, et al. Management of opioid side effects in
cancer-related and chronic noncancer pain: a systematic review* 1. The Journal
of Pain 2003 Jun;4(5):231-56.
(42) Vigano A, Dorgan M, Buckingham J, Bruera E,
Suarez-Almazor ME. Survival prediction in terminal cancer patients: a
systematic review of the medical literature. [Review] [62 refs]. Palliative
Medicine 2000 Sep;14(5):363-74.
(43) Cole MG. Delirium: Effectiveness of systematic
interventions. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 1999;10(5):406-1
1.
(44) Wheeler M, Oderda GM, Ashburn MA, Lipman AG. Adverse events
associated with postoperative opioid analgesia: A systematic review. Journal of
Pain {J PAIN} 2002;3(3): 159-80.
(45) Britton A, Russell R. Multidisciplinary team interventions
for delirium in patients with chronic cognitive impairment. [update of Cochrane
Database Syst Rev. 2000;(2)]. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2001; 1
:CD000395.
(46) Rapp CG, Wakefield B, Kundrat M, Mentes J, Tripp-Reimer T,
Culp K, et al. Acute confusion assessment instruments: clinical versus research
usability. Appl Nurs Res 2000 Feb;13(1):37-45.
(47) Young LJ, George J. Do guidelines improve the process and
outcomes of care in delirium? Age Ageing 2003 Sep;32(5):525-8.
(48) Cochrane Reviewers' Handbook 4.1.5. In: The Cochrane
Library, Issue 2, 2002. 2002. Ref Type: Serial (Book,Monograph)
(49) Oxman AD, Cook DJ, Guyatt GH. Users' guides to the medical
literature. VI. How to use an overview. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group.
JAMA 1994 Nov 2;272(17): 1367-71.
(50) Greenhalgh T. Papers that summarise other papers
(systematic reviews and meta- analyses). BMJ 1997 Sep 13;315(7109):672-5.
(51) Fitch K, Bernstein SJ, Aguilar MD, Burnand B, LaCalle JR,
Lazaro P, et al. The RAND/UCLA appropriateness method user's manual. Santa
Monica (CA): 2001.
(52) Bucht G, Gustafson Y, Sandberg O. Epidemiology of delirium.
Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 1999;10(5):3 15-8.
(53) Lindesay J, Rockwood K, Rolfson DB. The epidemiology of
delirium. In: Lindesay J, Rockwood K, Macdonald AJ, editors. Delirium in Old
Age.New York: 2002.
(54) Levkoff S, Cleary P, Liptzin B, Evans DA. Epidemiology of
delirium: an overview of research issues and findings. Int Psychogeriatr 1991
Jan 1.
(55) Rincon HG, Granados M, Unutzer J, Gomez M, Duran R, Badiel
M, et al. Prevalence, detection and treatment of anxiety, depression, and
delirium in the adult critical care unit. Psychosomatics 2001
Sep;42(5):391-6.
(56) Elie M, Rousseau F, Cole M, Primeau F, McCusker J,
Bellavance F. Prevalence and detection of delirium in elderly emergency
department patients. Canadian Medical Association Journal 2000; 1 63(8):977-8
1.
(57) Jitapunkul S, Pillay I, Ebrahim S. Delirium in newly
admitted elderly patients: a prospective study. Q J Med 1992
Apr;83(300):307-14.
(58) Francis J, Martin D, Kapoor WN. A prospective study of
delirium in hospitalized elderly. JAMA 1990 Feb 23;263(8):1097-101.
(59) Kolbeinsson H, Jonsson A. Delirium and dementia in acute
medical admissions of elderly patients in Iceland. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1993
Feb;87(2):123-7.
(60) Inouye SK, Bogardus ST, Charpentier PA, Leo-Summers L,
Acampora D, Holford TR, et al. A multicomponent intervention to prevent
delirium in hospitalized older patients. New England Journal of Medicine 1
999;340(9):669-76.
(61) Ely EW, Siegel MD, Inouye SK. Delirium in the intensive
care unit: An under-recognized syndrome of organ dysfunction. Seminars in
Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2001 ;22(2): 115-26.
(62) Patten SB, Williams JVA, Haynes L, McCruden J,
ArboledaFlorez J. The incidence of delirium in psychiatric inpatient units.
Canadian Journal of Psychiatry-Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie 1
997;42(8):858-63.
(63) Foreman MD. Acute confusion in the elderly. Annu Rev Nurs
Res 1993;1 1:3-30.
(64) Sandberg O, Gustafson Y, Brannstrom B, Bucht G. Prevalence
of dementia, delirium and psychiatric symptoms in various care settings for the
elderly. Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine 1 998;26(1):56-62.
(65) Culp K, Tripp-Reimer T, Wadle K, Wakefield B, Akins J,
Mobily P, et al. Screening for acute confusion in elderly long-term care
residents. J Neurosci Nurs 1997 Apr;29(2):86-100.
(66) Derogatis LR, Morrow GR, Fetting J, Penman D, Piasetsky S,
Schmale AM, et al. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders among cancer
patients. JAMA 1983 Feb 11 ;249(6):75 1-7.
(67) Perry SW. Organic mental disorders caused by HIV: update on
early diagnosis and treatment. Am J Psychiatry 1990 Jun;147(6):696-710.
(68) Conill C, Verger E, Henriquez I, Saiz N, Espier M, Lugo F,
et al. Symptom prevalence in the last week of life. Journal of Pain &
Symptom Management 1997 Dec; 14(6):328-3 1.
(69) Minagawa H, Uchitomi Y, Yamawaki S, Ishitani K. Psychiatric
morbidity in terminally ill cancer patients: A prospective study. Cancer Vol
78(5)()(pp 1131-1137), 1996 1996;(5):1131-7.
(70) Bruera E, Miller L, McCallion J, Macmillan K, Krefting L,
Hanson J. Cognitive failure in patients with terminal cancer: a prospective
study. Journal of Pain & Symptom Management 1992 May;7(4):192-5.
(71) Massie MJ, Holland J, Glass E. Delirium in terminally ill
cancer patients. American Journal of Psychiatry 1983 Aug;140(8):1048-50.
(72) Lawlor PG, Gagnon B, Mancini IL, Pereira JL, Hanson J,
Suarez-Almazor ME, et al. Occurrence, causes, and outcome of delirium in
patients with advanced cancer - A prospective study. Arch Intern Med
2000;160(6):786-94.
(73) Breitbart W, Gibson C, Tremblay A. The delirium experience:
Delirium recall and delirium-related distress in hospitalized patients with
cancer, their spouses/caregivers, and their nurses. Psychosomatics 2002;43(3):
183-94.
(74) Schofield I. A small exploratory study of the reaction of
older people to an episode of delirium. Journal of Advanced Nursing
1997;25(5):942-52.
(75) Crammer JL. Subjective experience of a confusional state.
Br J Psychiatry 2002 Jan; 180:71-5.
(76) Cole MG, McCusker J, Bellavance F, Primeau FJ, Bailey RF,
Bonnycastle MJ, et al. Systematic detection and multidisciplinary care of
delirium in older medical inpatients: a randomized trial. CMAJ 2002 Oct
1;167(7):753-9.
(77) McCusker J, Cole M, Abrahamowicz M, Primeau F, Belzile E.
Delirium predicts 12-month mortality. Arch Intern Med 2002;162(4):457-63.
(78) McCusker J, Cole M, Dendukuri N, Belzile E, Primeau F.
Delirium in older medical inpatients and subsequent cognitive and functional
status: a prospective study. Canadian Medical Association Journal 2001
;165(5):575-83.
(79) Cole M, McCusker J, Dendukuri N, Han L. The prognostic
significance of subsyndromal delirium in elderly medical inpatients. J Am
Geriatr Soc 2003 Jun;51(6):754-60.
(80) McCusker J, Cole M, Dendukuri N, Han L, Belzile E. The
course of delirium in older medical inpatients: a prospective study. J Gen
Intern Med 2003 Sep; 1 8(9):696-704.
(81) McCusker J, Cole MG, Dendukuri N, Belzile E. Does delirium
increase hospital stay? Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
51(11):1539-46, 2003 Nov.
(82) Rockwood K, Cosway S, Carver D, Jarrett P, Stadnyk K, Fisk
J. The risk of dementia and death after delirium. Age and Ageing
1999;28(6):551-6.
(83) O'Keeffe S, Lavan J. The prognostic significance of
delirium in older hospital patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1997; 45( 2):174-8.
(84) Inouye SK, Rushing JT, Foreman MD, Palmer RM, Pompei P.
Does delirium contribute to poor hospital outcomes? A three-site epidemiologic
study. J Gen Intern Med 1998 Apr;13(4):234-42.
(85) Curyto KJ, Johnson J, TenHave T, Mossey J, Knott K, Katz
IR. Survival of hospitalized elderly patients with delirium - A prospective
study. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2001 ;9(2): 141-7.
(86) Marcantonio ER, Flacker JM, Michaels M, Resnick NM.
Delirium is independently associated with poor functional recovery after hip
fracture. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000;48(6):61 8-24.
(87) Marcantonio ER, Simon SE, Bergmann MA, Jones RN, Murphy KM,
Morris JN. Delirium Symptoms in Post-Acute Care: Prevalent, Persistent, and
Associated with Poor Functional Recovery. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003
Jan;51(1):4-9.
(88) Marcantonio ER, Flacker JM, Wright RJ, Resnick NM. Reducing
delirium after hip fracture: a randomized trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 2001
May;49(5):516-22.
(89) Marcantonio E, Ta T, Duthie E, Resnick NM. Delirium
severity and psychomotor types: their relationship with outcomes after hip
fracture repair. J Am Geriatr Soc 2002 May;50(5):850-7.
(90) Franco K, Litaker D, Locala J, Bronson D. The cost of
delirium in the surgical patient. Psychosomatics 2001 ;42(1):68-73.
(91) Morrison RS, Magaziner J, Gilbert M, Koval KJ, McLaughlin
MA, Orosz G, et al. Relationship between pain and opioid analgesics on the
development of delirium following hip fracture. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci
2003 Jan;58(1):76-81.
(92) Gagnon P, Allard P, Masse B, DeSerres M. Delirium in
terminal cancer: A prospective study using daily screening, early diagnosis,
and continuous monitoring. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 2000; 1
9(6):412-26.
(93) Kishi Y, Iwasaki Y, Takezawa K, Kurosawa H, Endo S.
Delirium in Critical Care Unit Patients Admitted Through an Emergency Room.
General Hospital Psychiatry 1995 Sep; 1 7(5):371 -9.
(94) Ely EW, Gautam S, Margolin R, Francis J, May L, Speroff T,
et al. The impact of delirium in the intensive care unit on hospital length of
stay. Intensive Care Medicine 2001 ;27(12): 1892-900.
(95) Hustey FM, Meldon SW. The prevalence and documentation of
impaired mental status in elderly emergency department patients. Ann Emerg Med
2002 Mar;39(3):248-53.
(96) Forman LJ, Cavalieri TA, Galski T, Dinsmore S, Kay PA,
Pomerantz S. Occurrence and impact of suspected delirium in hospitalized
elderly patients. J Am Osteopath Assoc 1995 Oct;95(10):588-91.
(97) Farrell KR, Ganzini L. Misdiagnosing delirium as depression
in medically ill elderly patients. Arch Intern Med 1995 Dec 1
1;155(22):2459-64.
(98) Inouye SK, Foreman MD, Mion LC, Katz KH, Cooney LM, Jr.
Nurses' recognition of delirium and its symptoms: comparison of nurse and
researcher ratings. Arch Intern Med 2001 Nov 12;161(20):2467- 73.
(99) Van Zyl LT, Davidson PR. Delirium in hospital: an
underreported event at discharge. Can J Psychiatry 2003 Sep;48(8):555-60.
(100) Rizzo JA, Bogardus ST, Leo-Summers L, Williams CS,
Acampora D, Inouye SK. Multicomponent targeted intervention to prevent delirium
in hospitalized older patients - What is the economic value? Medical Care 2001
;39(7):740-52.
(101) Macdonald A-JD, Carlson LA, Gottfries CG, Winblad-Bengt E,
Robertsson-Barbro E. Can delirium be separated from dementia?; Delirium in the
elderly: epidemiological, pathogenetic, diagnostic and treatment aspects.
Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 1999;10(5):386-8.
(102) Inouye SK. The dilemma of delirium: clinical and research
controversies regarding diagnosis and evaluation of delirium in hospitalized
elderly medical patients. [comment]. [Review] [98 refs]. American Journal of
Medicine 1994 Sep;97(3):278-88.
(103) Blass JP, Gibson GE, Carlson LA, Gottfries CG,
Winblad-Bengt E, Robertsson-Barbro E. Cerebrometabolic aspects of delirium in
relationship to dementia; Delirium in the elderly: epidemiological,
pathogenetic, diagnostic and treatment aspects. Dementia and Geriatric
Cognitive Disorders 1999;10(5):335-8.
(104) Eikelenboom P, Hoogendijk W-JG, Carlson LA, Gottfries CG,
Winblad-Bengt E, Robertsson-Barbro E. Do delirium and Alzheimer's dementia
share specific pathogenetic mechanisms?; Delirium in the elderly:
epidemiological, pathogenetic, diagnostic and treatment aspects. Dementia and
Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 1999; 1 0(5):3 19-24.
(105) Inouye SK, Viscoli CM, Horwitz RI, Hurst LD, Tinetti ME. A
predictive model for delirium in hospitalized elderly medical patients based on
admission characteristics. Ann Intern Med 1993 Sep 15;1 19(6):474-81.
(106) Levkoff SE, Evans DA, Liptzin B, Cleary PD, Lipsitz LA,
Wetle TT, et al. Delirium. The occurrence and persistence of symptoms among
elderly hospitalized patients. Arch Intern Med 1992 Feb; 1 52(2):334-40.
(107) Rahkonen T, Luukkainen-Markkula R, Paanila S, Sivenius
J, Sulkava R. Delirium episode as a sign of undetected dementia among community
dwelling elderly subjects: a 2 year follow up study. Journal of Neurology
Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 2000;69(4):5 19-21.
(108) Schor JD, Levkoff SE, Lipsitz LA, Reilly CH, Cleary PD,
Rowe JW, et al. Risk factors for delirium in hospitalized elderly. JAMA 1992
Feb 12;267(6):827-31.
(109) Rahkonen T, Eloniemi-Sulkava U, Halonen P, Verkkoniemi A,
Niinisto L, Notkola IL, et al. Delirium in the non-demented oldest old in the
general population: risk factors and prognosis. International Journal of
Geriatric Psychiatry 2001; 16(4):41 5-21.
(110) Cole MG, McCusker J, Dendukuri N, Han L. Symptoms of
delirium among elderly medical inpatients with or without dementia. Journal of
Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 2002;14(2):167-75.
(111) Rockwood K. The occurrence and duration of symptoms in
elderly patients with delirium. J Gerontol 1993 Jul;48(4):M162-M166.
(112) Rudberg MA, Pompei P, Foreman MD, Ross RE, Cassel CK. The
natural history of delirium in older hospitalized patients: A syndrome of
heterogeneity. Age and Ageing 1 997;26(3): 169-74.
(113) Manos PJ, Rae WU. The duration of delirium in medical and
postoperative patients referred for psychiatric consultation. Annals of
Clinical Psychiatry 1997;9(4):219-26.
(114) Webster R, Holroyd S. Prevalence of psychotic symptoms in
delirium. Psychosomatics 2000;41(6):519- 22.
(115) Ross CA, Peyser CE, Shapiro I, Folstein MF. Delirium:
phenomenologic and etiologic subtypes. Int Psychogeriatr 1991 ;3(2): 135-47.
(116) Lipowski ZJ. Delirium (acute confusional states). JAMA
1987 Oct 2;258(1 3): 1789-92.
(117) Lipowski ZJ. Delirium in the elderly patient. N Engl J Med
1989 Mar 2;320(9):578-82.
(118) Lipowski ZJ. Update on delirium. [Review] [60 refs].
Psychiatric Clinics of North America 1992 Jun;15(2):335-46.
(119) Liptzin B, Levkoff SE. An empirical study of delirium
subtypes. Br J Psychiatry 1992 Dec; 161:843-5.
(120) Conn DK, Lieff S. Diagnosing and managing delirium in the
elderly. [Review] [44 refs]. Canadian Family Physician 2001 Jan;47:101-8.
(121) Olofsson SM, Weitzner MA, Valentine AD, Baile WF, Meyers
CA. A retrospective study of the psychiatric management and outcome of delirium
in the cancer patient. Support Care Cancer 1996 Sep;4(5):35 1-7.
(122) O'Keeffe ST, Lavan JN. Clinical significance of delirium
subtypes in older people. Age and Ageing 1 999;28(2): 115-9.
(123) Kelly KG, Zisselman M, Cutillo-Schmitter T, Reichard R,
Payne D, Denman SJ. Severity and course of delirium in medically hospitalized
nursing facility residents. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2001
;9(1):72-7.
(124) Breitbart W, Tremblay A, Gibson C. An open trial of
olanzapine for the treatment of delirium in hospitalized cancer patients.
Psychosomatics 2002;43(3): 175-82.
(125) Meagher DJ, O'Hanlon D, O'Mahony E, Casey PR, Trzepacz PT.
Relationship between etiology and phenomenologic profile in delirium. J Geriatr
Psychiatry Neurol 1998;1 1(3):146-9.
(126) Shigeta H, Yasui A, Nimura Y, Machida N, Kageyama M, Miura
M, et al. Postoperative delirium and melatonin levels in elderly patients.
American Journal of Surgery 2001 Nov;182(5):449-54.
(127) Uchida K, Aoki T, Ishizuka B. Postoperative delirium and
plasma melatonin. Medical Hypotheses 1999;53(2):103-6.
(128) Baskett JJ, Cockrem JF, Todd MA. Melatonin levels in
hospitalized elderly patients: a comparison with community based volunteers.
Age and Ageing 1991 Nov 1 ;20(6):430-4.
(129) Magri F, Locatelli M, Balza G, Molla G, Cuzzoni G,
Fioravanti M, et al. Changes in endocrine circadian rhythms as markers of
physiological and pathological brain aging. Chronobiology International 1997
Jul; 14(4):385-96.
(130) Cronin AJ, Keifer JC, Davies MF, King TS, Bixler EO.
Melatonin secretion after surgery.[see comment]. Lancet 2000 Oct 7;356(9237):
1244-5.
(131) Gagnon B, Lawlor PG, Mancini IL, Pereira JL, Hanson J,
Bruera ED. The impact of delirium on the circadian distribution of breakthrough
analgesia in advanced cancer patients. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management
2001 ;22(4):826-33.
(132) Trzepacz PT, van der Mast RC. The neuropathophysiology of
delirium. In: Lindesay J, Rockwood K, Macdonald AJ, editors. Delirium in Old
Age.New York: 2002.
(133) Roche V. Southwestern Internal Medicine Conference.
Etiology and management of delirium. Am J Med Sci 2003 Jan;325(1):20-30.
(134) Trzepacz PT. Update on the neuropathogenesis of delirium.
Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 1999;10(5):330-4.
(135) Van den BG. Novel insights into the neuroendocrinology of
critical illness. Eur J Endocrinol 2000 Jul;143(1):1-13.
(136) Kronfol Z, Remick DG. Cytokines and the Brain:
Implications for Clinical Psychiatry. American Journal of Psychiatry 2000 May
1;157(5):683-94.
(137) Tune LE. Serum anticholinergic activity levels and
delirium in the elderly. Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry 2000 Apr;5(2):149-53.
(138) Trzepacz PT. Is there a final common neural pathway in
delirium? Focus on acetylcholine and dopamine. Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry 2000
Apr;5(2): 132-48.
(139) Bartus RT, Dean RL, III, Beer B, Lippa AS. The cholinergic
hypothesis of geriatric memory dysfunction. Science 1982 Jul
30;217(4558):408-14.
(140) Molchan SE, Martinez RA, Hill JL, Weingartner HJ, Thompson
K, Vitiello B, et al. Increased cognitive sensitivity to scopolamine with age
and a perspective on the scopolamine model. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 1992
Sep;17(3):215-26.
(141) Han L, McCusker J, Cole M, Abrahamowicz M, Primeau F, Elie
M. Use of medications with anticholinergic effect predicts clinical severity of
delirium symptoms in older medical inpatients. Arch Intern Med
2001;161(8):1099-105.
(142) Mussi C, Ferrari R, Ascari S, Salvioli G. Importance of
serum anticholinergic activity in the assessment of elderly patients with
delirium. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology 1999; 12(2):82-6.
(143) Flacker JM, Cummings V, Mach JR, Bettin K, Kiely DK, Wei
J. The association of serum anticholinergic activity with delirium in elderly
medical patients. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 1998;6(1):31-41.
(144) Brown TM. Drug-induced delirium. [Review] [114 refs].
Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry 2000 Apr;5(2):113-24.
(145) Mulsant BH, Pollock BG, Kirshner M, Shen C, Dodge H,
Ganguli M. Serum anticholinergic activity in a community-based sample of older
adults: relationship with cognitive performance. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003
Feb;60(2): 198-203.
(146) Carter GL, Dawson AH, Lopert R. Drug-induced delirium.
Incidence, management and prevention. Drug Saf 1996 Oct;15(4):291-301.
(147) Burns MJ, Linden CH, Graudins A, Brown RM, Fletcher KE. A
comparison of physostigmine and benzodiazepines for the treatment of
anticholinergic poisoning. Ann Emerg Med 2000 Apr;35(4):374- 81.
(148) Sommer BR, Wise LC, Kraemer HC. Is dopamine administration
possibly a risk factor for delirium? Critical Care Medicine 2002;30(7):
1508-11.
(149) Inouye SK. Predisposing and precipitating factors for
delirium in hospitalized older patients. Dementia & Geriatric Cognitive
Disorders 1999 Sep; 1 0(5):393-400.
(150) Inouye SK, Charpentier PA. Precipitating factors for
delirium in hospitalized elderly persons. Predictive model and
interrelationship with baseline vulnerability. JAMA 1996 Mar 20;275(1
1):852-7.
(151) Rolfson DB, McElhaney JE, Rockwood K, Finnegan BA,
Entwistle LM, Wong JF, et al. Incidence and risk factors for delirium and other
adverse outcomes in older adults after coronary artery bypass graft surgery.
Canadian Journal of Cardiology 1999; 1 5(7):771 -6.
(152) Schneider F, Bohner H, Habel U, Salloum JB, Stierstorfer
A, Hummel TC, et al. Risk factors for postoperative delirium in vascular
surgery. General Hospital Psychiatry 2002;24(1):28-34.
(153) Edlund A, Lundstrom M, Brannstrom B, Bucht G, Gustafson Y.
Delirium before and after operation for femoral neck fracture. J Am Geriatr Soc
2001 ;49(1 0): 1335-40.
(154) Galanakis P, Bickel H, Gradinger R, Von Gumppenberg S,
Forstl H. Acute confusional state in the elderly following hip surgery:
incidence, risk factors and complications. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2001 Apr; 1
6(4):349-55.
(155) Sasajima Y, Sasajima T, Uchida H, Kawai S, Haga M, Akasaka
N, et al. Postoperative delirium in patients with chronic lower limb ischaemia:
What are the specific markers? European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular
Surgery 2000;20(2):132-7.
(156) Bohner H, Schneider F, Stierstorfer A, Weiss U, Gabriel A,
Friedrichs R, et al. Postoperative delirium following vascular surgery.
Anaesthesist 2000;49(5):427-33.
(157) Milstein A, Barak Y, Kleinman G, Pollack A. The incidence
of delirium immediately following cataract removal surgery: a prospective study
in the elderly. Aging & Mental Health 2000;4(2): 178-81.
(158) Dai YT, Lou MF, Yip PK, Huang GS. Risk factors and
incidence of postoperative delirium in elderly Chinese patients. Gerontology
2000;46(1):28-35.
(159) van der Mast RC, van den Broek WW, Fekkes D,
Pepplinkhuizen L, Habbema JDF. Incidence of and preoperative predictors for
delirium after cardiac surgery. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 1
999;46(5):479-83.
(160) Marcantonio ER, Goldman L, Orav EJ, Cook EF, Lee TE. The
association of intraoperative factors with the development of postoperative
delirium. American Journal of Medicine 1998;105(5):380-4.
(161) Gokgoz L, Gunaydin S, Sinci V, Unlu M, Boratav C, Babacan
A, et al. Psychiatric complications of cardiac surgery postoperative delirium
syndrome. Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal 1 997;3 1 (4):21 7-22.
(162) Hofste WJ, Linssen CAM, Boezeman EHJF, Hengeveld JS,
Leusink JA, deBoer A. Delirium and cognitive disorders after cardiac
operations: Relationship to pre- and intraoperative quantitative
electroencephalogram. International Journal of Clinical Monitoring and
Computing 1997; 14(1):29-36.
(163) Andersson EM, Gustafson L, Hallberg IR. Acute confusional
state in elderly orthopaedic patients : Factors of importance for detection in
nursing care. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2001;16(1):7-17.
(164) Aldemir M, Ozen S, Kara IH, Sir A, Bac B. Predisposing
factors for delirium in the surgical intensive care unit. Critical Care 2001
;5(5):265-70.
(165) Dubois MJ, Bergeron N, Dumont M, Dial S, Skrobik Y.
Delirium in an intensive care unit: a study of risk factors. Intensive Care
Medicine 2001 Aug;27(8): 1297-304.
(166) McNicoll L, Pisani MA, Zhang Y, Ely EW, Siegel MD, Inouye
SK. Delirium in the intensive care unit: occurrence and clinical course in
older patients. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2003
May;51(5):591-8.
(167) Granberg Axell AI, Malmros CW, Bergbom IL, Lundberg DB.
Intensive care unit syndrome/delirium is associated with anemia, drug therapy
and duration of ventilation treatment. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2002
Jul;46(6):726-3 1.
(168) Granberg-Axell A, Bergbom I, Lundberg D. Clinical signs of
ICU syndrome/delirium: an observational study. Intensive Crit Care Nurs 2001
Apr;17(2):72-93.
(169) Levkoff SE, Safran C, Cleary PD, Gallop J, Phillips RS.
Identification of factors associated with the diagnosis of delirium in elderly
hospitalized patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1988 Dec;36(12):1099-104.
(170) Marcantonio ER, Goldman L, Mangione CM, Ludwig LE, Muraca
B, Haslauer CM, et al. A clinical prediction rule for delirium after elective
noncardiac surgery. [comment]. JAMA 1994 Jan 12;271(2):134-9.
(171) Pompei P, Foreman M, Rudberg MA, Inouye SK, Braund V,
Cassel CK. Delirium in hospitalized older persons: outcomes and predictors. J
Am Geriatr Soc 1994 Aug;42(8):809-1 5.
(172) Gustafson Y, Brannstrom B, Berggren D, Ragnarsson JI,
Sigaard J, Bucht G, et al. A geriatricanesthesiologic program to reduce acute
confusional states in elderly patients treated for femoral neck fractures. J Am
Geriatr Soc 1991 Jul;39(7):655-62.
(173) Inouye SK, Wagner DR, Acampora D, Horwitz RI, Cooney
LM, Jr., Tinetii ME. A controlled trial of a nursing-centered intervention in
hospitalized elderly medical patients: the Yale Geriatric Care Program. J Am
Geriatr Soc 1993 Dec;41(12):1353-60.
(174) Landefeld CS, Palmer RM, Kresevic DM, Fortinsky RH, Kowal
J. A randomized trial of care in a hospital medical unit especially designed to
improve the functional outcomes of acutely ill older patients. N Engl J Med
1995 May 18;332(20):1338-44.
(175) Inouye SK, van Dyck CH, Alessi CA, Balkin S, Siegal AP,
Horwitz RI. Clarifying confusion: the confusion assessment method. A new method
for detection of delirium. Ann Intern Med 1990 Dec 15;1 13(12):941-8.
(176) Litaker D, Locala J, Franco K, Bronson DL, Tannous Z.
Preoperative risk factors for postoperative delirium. [see comments.]. General
Hospital Psychiatry 2001 Mar;23(2):84-9.
(177) Lynch EP, Lazor MA, Gellis JE, Orav J, Goldman L,
Marcantonio ER. The impact of postoperative pain on the development of
postoperative delirium. Anesthesia and Analgesia 1998;86(4):781-5.
(178) Martin NJ, Stones MJ, Young JE, Bedard M. Development of
delirium: A prospective cohort study in a community hospital. International
Psychogeriatrics 2000;12(1):1 17-27.
(179) Vazquez F, O'Flaherty M, Michelangelo H, Quiros R, Garfi L,
Janson J, et al. Delirium incidence in elderly inpatients. Medicina-Buenos
Aires 2000;60(5):555-60.
(180) Zakriya KJ, Christmas C, Wenz JF, Sr., Franckowiak S,
Anderson R, Sieber FE. Preoperative factors associated with postoperative
change in confusion assessment method score in hip fracture patients.
Anesthesia & Analgesia 2002;94(6): 1628-32.
(181) Bohner H, Hummel TC, Habel U, Miller C, Reinbott S, Yang
Q, et al. Predicting delirium after vascular surgery: a model based on pre- and
intraoperative data. Ann Surg 2003 Jul;238(1):149-56.
(182) Figiel GS, Hassen MA, Zorumski C, Krishnan KR, Doraiswamy
PM, Jarvis MR, et al. ECT-induced delirium in depressed patients with
Parkinson's disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1991;3(4):405-1 1.
(183) Figiel GS, Krishnan KR, Doraiswamy PM. Subcortical
structural changes in ECT-induced delirium. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1990
Jul;3(3):172-6.
(184) Martin M, Figiel G, Mattingly G, Zorumski CF, Jarvis MR.
ECT-induced interictal delirium in patients with a history of a CVA. J Geriatr
Psychiatry Neurol 1992 Jul;5(3):149-55.
(185) Figiel GS, Coffey CE, Djang WT, Hoffman G, Jr., Doraiswamy
PM. Brain magnetic resonance imaging findings in ECT-induced delirium. J
Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1990;2(1):53-8.
(186) Figiel GS, Krishnan KR, Breitner JC, Nemeroff CB.
Radiologic correlates of antidepressant-induced delirium: the possible
significance of basal-ganglia lesions. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci
1989;1(2):1 88-90.
(187) Videbech P. MRI findings in patients with affective
disorder: a meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1997 Sep;96(3): 157-68.
(188) Williams-Russo P, Sharrock NE, Mattis S, Liguori GA,
Mancuso C, Peterson MG, et al. Randomized trial of hypotensive epidural
anesthesia in older adults. Anesthesiology 1999 Oct;91(4):926-35.
(189) McCusker J, Cole M, Abrahamowicz M, Han L, Podoba JE,
Ramman-Haddad L. Environmental risk factors for delirium in hospitalized older
people. J Am Geriatr Soc 2001 ;49(1 0): 1327-34.
(190) McCusker J, Cole M, Bellavance F, Primeau F. Reliability
and validity of a new measure of severity of delirium. Int Psychogeriatr 1998
Dec; 1 0(4):421-33.
(191) Eden BM, Foreman MD, Sisk R. Delirium: Comparison of four
predictive models in hospitalized critically ill elderly patients. Applied
Nursing Research 1998;1 1(1):27-35.
(192) Williams-Russo P, Urquhart BL, Sharrock NE, Charlson ME.
Post-operative delirium: predictors and prognosis in elderly orthopedic
patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1992 Aug;40(8):759-67.
(193) Evans LK, Strumpf NE. Tying down the elderly. A review of
the literature on physical restraint. J Am Geriatr Soc 1989 Jan;37(1):65-74.
(194) Sullivan-Marx EM. Delirium and physical restraint in the
hospitalized elderly. Image J Nurs Sch 1 994;26(4) :295-3 00.
(195) Lofgren RP, MacPherson DS, Granieri R, Myllenbeck S,
Sprafka JM. Mechanical restraints on the medical wards: are protective devices
safe? Am J Public Health 1989 Jun;79(6):735-8.
(196) Jitapunkul S, Pillay I, Ebrahim S. The abbreviated mental
test: its use and validity. Age Ageing 1991 Sep;20(5):332-6.
(197) Anthony JC, LeResche L, Niaz U, von Korff MR, Folstein
MF. Limits of the 'Mini-Mental State' as a screening test for dementia and
delirium among hospital patients. Psychol Med 1982 May;12(2):397- 408.
(198) Inouye SK. Prevention of delirium in hospitalized older
patients: risk factors and targeted intervention strategies. Annals of Medicine
2000;32(4):257-63.
(199) Lindesay J, Rockwood K, Macdonald AJ. Delirium in Old Age.
New York: 2002.
(200) Britton A, Russell R. Multidisciplinary team interventions
for delirium in patients with chronic cognitive impairment. [update of Cochrane
Database Syst Rev. 2000;(2):CD000395 ; 10796541.]. [Review] [31 refs]. Cochrane
Database of Systematic Reviews 2001; 1 :CD000395.
(201) Aizawa KI, Kanai T, Saikawa Y, Takabayashi T, Kawano Y,
Miyazawa N, et al. A novel approach to the prevention of postoperative delirium
in the elderly after gastrointestinal surgery. Surgery Today 2002;32(4):3
10-4.
(202) Milisen K, Foreman MD, Abraham IL, De Geest S, Godderis
J, Vandermeulen E, et al. A nurse-led interdisciplinary intervention program
for delirium in elderly hip-fracture patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 2001
;49(5):523-32.
(203) Lundstrom M, Edlund A, Lundstrom G, Gustafson Y.
Reorganization of nursing and medical care to reduce the incidence of
postoperative delirium and improve rehabilitation outcome in elderly patients
treated for femoral neck fractures. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences
1999; 13(3): 193-200.
(204) Inouye SK, Bogardus ST, Jr., Williams CS, Leo-Summers L,
Agostini JV. The role of adherence on the effectiveness of nonpharmacologic
interventions: evidence from the delirium prevention trial. Arch Intern Med
2003 Apr 28;163(8):958-64.
(205) Morita T, Tei Y, Inoue S. Agitated terminal delirium and
association with partial opioid substitution and hydration. Journal of
Palliative Medicine 2003;6(4):557-63.
(206) Bruera E, Franco JJ, Maltoni M, Watanabe S,
Suarez-Almazor M. Changing pattern of agitated impaired mental status in
patients with advanced cancer: association with cognitive monitoring,
hydration, and opioid rotation. J Pain Symptom Manage 1995 May; 1
0(4):287-91.
(207) Arsene O, Lassauniere JM. [Evaluation of cognitive
disorders and screening of delirium in cancer patients receiving morphine.
Comparison of the use of the Elementary Test of Concentration, Orientation and
Memory (TELECOM)and of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)]. Presse Med
2000 Dec 23;29(40):2207-12.
(208) Trzepacz PT. The Delirium Rating Scale - Its use in
consultation-liaison research. Psychosomatics 1 999;40(3): 193-204.
(209) Martinaud O, Hannequin D. Two confusion scales. Revue
Neurologique 2001; 1 57(6-7):708-12.
(210) Trzepacz PT. A review of delirium assessment instruments.
Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1994 Nov; 1 6(6):397- 405.
(211) Robertsson B. Assessment scales in delirium. Dementia and
Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 1999; 1 0(5):368-79.
(212) Brown S, Degner LF. Delirium in the terminally-ill cancer
patient: aetiology, symptoms and management. Int J Palliat Nurs 2001
Jun;7(6):266-2.
(213) Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. "Mini-mental state".
A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the
clinician. J Psychiatr Res 1975 Nov; 12(3): 189-98.
(214) Katzman R, Brown T, Fuld P, Peck A, Schechter R, Schimmel
H. Validation of a short OrientationMemory-Concentration Test of cognitive
impairment. Am J Psychiatry 1983 Jun; 140(6):734-9.
(215) Davous P, Lamour Y, Debrand E, Rondot P. A comparative
evaluation of the short orientation memory concentration test of cognitive
impairment. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 1987
Oct;50(10): 13 12-7.
(216) Hodkinson HM. Evaluation of a mental test score for
assessment of mental impairment in the elderly. Age Ageing 1972
Nov;1(4):233-8.
(217) Albert MS, Levkoff SE, Reilly C, Liptzin B, Pilgrim D,
Cleary PD, et al. The delirium symptom interview: an interview for the
detection of delirium symptoms in hospitalized patients. Journal of Geriatric
Psychiatry & Neurology 1992 Jan;5(1): 14-21.
(218) Trzepacz PT, Baker RW, Greenhouse J. A symptom rating
scale for delirium. Psychiatry Res 1988 Jan;23(1):89-97.
(219) Breitbart W, Rosenfeld B, Roth A, Smith MJ, Cohen K,
Passik S. The Memorial Delirium Assessment Scale. Journal of Pain and Symptom
Management 1997;13(3):128-37.
(220) Schuurmans MJ, Shortridge-Baggett LM, Duursma SA. The
Delirium Observation Screening Scale: a screening instrument for delirium. Res
Theory Nurs Pract 2003; 1 7(1):3 1-50.
(221) Bergeron N, Dubois MJ, Dumont M, Dial S, Skrobik Y.
Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist: evaluation of a new screening
tool. Intensive Care Med 2001 May;27(5):859-64.
(222) Wade DT, Vergis E. The Short
Orientation-Memory-Concentration Test: a study of its reliability and validity.
Clinical Rehabilitation 1999 Apr; 13(2): 164-70.
(223) Davous P, Lamour Y. [Elementary test of concentration,
orientation and memory. Application to the detection of dementia states in
daily practice]. [French]. Presse Medicale 1988 Mar 26; 17(1 1):5 13-5.
(224) Pompei P, Foreman M, Cassel CK, Alessi C, Cox D. Detecting
delirium among hospitalized older patients. Arch Intern Med 1995 Feb
13;155(3):301-7.
(225) Rolfson DB, McElhaney JE, Jhangri GS, Rockwood K. Validity
of the confusion assessment method in detecting postoperative delirium in the
elderly. Int Psychogeriatr 1999 Dec; 11 (4):43 1-8.
(226) Monette J, du Fort GG, Fung SH, Massoud F, Moride Y,
Arsenault L, et al. Evaluation of the confusion assessment method (CAM) as a
screening tool for delirium in the emergency room. General Hospital Psychiatry
2001 ;23(1):20-5.
(227) Laplante J, Cole MG. Detection of delirium using the
confusion assessment method. J Gerontol Nurs 2001 Sep;27(9):16-23.
(228) Laurila JV, Pitkala KH, Strandberg TE, Tilvis RS.
Confusion assessment method in the diagnostics of delirium among aged hospital
patients: would it serve better in screening than as a diagnostic instrument?
Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2002 Dec;17(12):1 112-9.
(229) Zou Y, Cole MG, Primeau FJ, McCusker J, Bellavance F,
Laplante J. Detection and diagnosis of delirium in the elderly: psychiatrist
diagnosis, confusion assessment method, or consensus diagnosis? Int
Psychogeriatr 1998 Sep;10(3):303-8.
(230) Ely EW, Margolin R, Francis J, May L, Truman B, Dittus R,
et al. Evaluation of delirium in critically ill patients: Validation of the
Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU). Critical
Care Medicine 2001 ;29(7): 1370-9.
(231) Ely EW, Inouye SK, Bernard GR, Gordon S, Francis J, May L,
et al. Delirium in mechanically ventilated patients - Validity and reliability
of the Confusion Assessment Method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU).
Jama-Journal of the American Medical Association 2001 ;286(21):2703-1 0.
(232) Hart RP, Levenson JL, Sessler CN, Best AM, Schwartz SM,
Rutherford LE. Validation of a cognitive test for delirium in medical ICU
patients. Psychosomatics 1996 Nov;37(6):533-46.
(233) Hart RP, Best AM, Sessler CN, Levenson JL. Abbreviated
cognitive test for delirium. J Psychosom Res 1997 Oct;43(4):41 7-23.
(234) Robertsson B, Karlsson I, Styrud E, Gottfries CG.
Confusional State Evaluation (CSE): an instrument for measuring severity of
delirium in the elderly. Br J Psychiatry 1997 Jun; 170:565-70.
(235) Bettin KM, Maletta GJ, Dysken MW, Jilk KM, Weldon DT,
Kuskowski M, et al. Measuring Delirium severity in older general hospital
inpatients without dementia - The Delirium Severity Scale. American Journal of
Geriatric Psychiatry 1 998;6(4):296-307.
(236) Lawlor PG, Nekolaichuk C, Gagnon B, Mancini IL, Pereira
JL, Bruera ED. Clinical utility, factor analysis, and further validation of the
memorial delirium assessment scale in patients with advanced cancer: Assessing
delirium in advanced cancer. Cancer 2000 Jun 15;88(12):2859-67.
(237) Matsuoka Y, Miyake Y, Arakaki H, Tanaka K, Saeki T,
Yamawaki S. Clinical utility and validation of the Japanese version of Memorial
Delirium Assessment Scale in a psychogeriatric inpatient setting. Gen Hosp
Psychiatry 2001 Jan;23(1):36-40.
(238) Grassi L, Caraceni A, Beltrami E, Borreani C, Zamorani M,
Maltoni M, et al. Assessing delirium in cancer patients: the Italian versions
of the Delirium Rating Scale and the Memorial Delirium Assessment Scale. J Pain
Symptom Manage 2001 Jan;21(1):59-68.
(239) Reich MG, Razavi D. [Mental confusion syndromes in
oncology]. Bull Cancer 1996 Feb;83(2):1 15-28.
(240) Trzepacz PT, Mittal D, Torres R, Kanary K, Norton J,
Jimerson N. Validation of the Delirium Rating Scale-revised-98: Comparison with
the Delirium Rating Scale and the Cognitive Test for Delirium. The Journal of
neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences 2001; 13(2):229-42.
(241) Turkel SB, Braslow K, Tavare CJ, Trzepacz PT. The delirium
rating scale in children and adolescents. Psychosomatics 2003 Mar;44(2):
126-9.
(242) O'Keeffe ST, Lavan JN. Use of serial MMSE scores to
monitor development and resolution of delirium in elderly hospital patients.
Abstract . 1995.
Ref Type: Abstract
(243) Schuurmans MJ, Duursma SA, Shortridge-Baggett LM. Early
recognition of delirium: review of the literature. J Clin Nurs 2001
Nov;10(6):721-9.
(244) Rockwood K, Cosway S, Stolee P, Kydd D, Carver D, Jarrett
P, et al. Increasing the recognition of delirium in elderly patients. J Am
Geriatr Soc 1994 Mar;42(3):252-6.
(245) Lacko L, Bryan Y, Dellasega C, Salerno F. Changing
clinical practice through research: the case of delirium. Clin Nurs Res 1999
Aug;8(3):235-50.
(246) Tucker GJ. The diagnosis of delirium and DSM-IV. Dementia
and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 1999; 1 0(5):359-63.
(247) Liptzin B. What criteria should be used for the diagnosis
of delirium? Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 1999 Sep;10(5):364-7.
(248) Cole MG, Dendukuri N, McCusker J, Han L. An empirical
study of different diagnostic criteria for delirium among elderly medical
inpatients. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2003; 1 5(2):200-7.
(249) Laurila JV, Pitkala KH, Strandberg TE, Tilvis RS. The
impact of different diagnostic criteria on prevalence rates for delirium.
Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2003; 16(3): 156-62.
(250) Webster JR, Chew RB, Mailliard L, Moran MB. Improving
clinical and cost outcomes in delirium: Use of practice guidelines and a
delirium care team. Annals of Long Term Care {Ann Long Term Care} 1 999;7(4):
128-34.
(251) Cole MG, Primeau FJ, Bailey RF, Bonnycastle MJ,
Masciarelli F, Engelsmann F, et al. Systematic intervention for elderly
inpatients with delirium: a randomized trial. CMAJ 1994 Oct 1; 151
(7):965-70.
(252) Williams MA, Holloway JR, Winn MC, Wolanin MO, Lawler ML,
Westwick CR, et al. Nursing activities and acute confusional states in elderly
hip-fractured patients. Nurs Res 1979 Jan;28(1):25-35.
(253) Bogardus ST, Jr., Desai MM, Williams CS, Leo-Summers L,
Acampora D, Inouye SK. The effects of a targeted multicomponent delirium
intervention on postdischarge outcomes for hospitalized older adults. Am J Med
2003 Apr 1;114(5):383-90.
(254) Brauer C, Morrison RS, Silberzweig SB, Siu AL. The cause
of delirium in patients with hip fracture. Arch Intern Med
2000;160(12):1856-60.
(255) George J, Bleasdale S, Singleton SJ. Causes and prognosis
of delirium in elderly patients admitted to a district general hospital. Age
and Ageing 1997;26(6):423-7.
(256) Morita T, Tei Y, Tsunoda J, Inoue S, Chihara S.
Underlying pathologies and their associations with clinical features in
terminal delirium of cancer patients. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management
2001 ;22(6):997-1006.
(257) Rahkonen T, Makela H, Paanila S, Halonen P, Sivenius J,
Sulkava R. Delirium in elderly people without severe predisposing disorders:
Etiology and 1-year prognosis after discharge. International Psychogeriatrics
2000;12(4):473-81.
(258) Wahlund LO, Bjorlin GA. Delirium in clinical practice:
Experiences from a specialized delirium ward. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive
Disorders 1999; 1 0(5):389-92.
(259) Gray SL, Lai KV, Larson EB. Drug-induced cognition
disorders in the elderly: incidence, prevention and management. Drug Saf 1999
Aug;21(2):101-22.
(260) Marcantonio ER, Juarez G, Goldman L, Mangione CM, Ludwig
LE, Lind L, et al. The relationship of postoperative delirium with psychoactive
medications. JAMA 1994 Nov 16;272(1 9): 1518-22.
(261) Meagher DJ. Regular review - Delirium: optimising
management. British Medical Journal 2001 ;322(7279): 144-9.
(262) Koizumi J, Shiraishi H, Ofuku K, Suzuki T. Duration of
delirium shortened by the correction of electrolyte imbalance. Japanese Journal
of Psychiatry & Neurology 1988 Mar;42(1):81-8.
(263) Brenner RP. Utility of EEG in delirium: past views and
current practice. [Review] [70 refs]. International Psychogeriatrics 1991
;3(2):21 1-29.
(264) Jacobson SA. Delirium in the elderly. Psychiatric Clinics
of North America 1997;20(1):91-1 10.
(265) Koponen H. Electroencephalographic indices for diagnosis
of delirium. International Psychogeriatrics 1991 ;3(2):249-51.
(266) Hughes JR, John ER. Conventional and quantitative
electroencephalography in psychiatry. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1999;
11(2): 190-208.
(267) Jacobson S, Jerrier H. EEG in delirium. [Review] [28
refs]. Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry 2000 Apr;5(2):86-92.
(268) Jacobson SA, Leuchter AF, Walter DO. Conventional and
quantitative EEG in the diagnosis of delirium among the elderly. J Neurol
Neurosurg Psychiatry 1993 Feb;56(2): 153-8.
(269) Koponen H, Hurri L, Stenback U, Riekkinen PJ. Acute
confusional states in the elderly: a radiological evaluation. Acta Psychiatr
Scand 1987 Dec;76(6):726-3 1.
(270) ANAES SdReRp. Modalité de prise en charge de
l'adulte nécessitant des soins palliatifs. 2002. Ref Type: Unpublished
Work
(271) Koponen H, Hurri L, Stenback U, Mattila E, Soininen H,
Riekkinen PJ. Computed tomography findings in delirium. J Nerv Ment Dis 1989
Apr; 1 77(4):226-3 1.
(272) Naughton BJ, Moran M, Ghaly Y, Michalakes C. Computed
tomography scanning and delirium in elder patients. Acad Emerg Med 1997
Dec;4(12):1 107-10.
(273) Berk M. Indications for computed tomographic brain
scanning in psychiatric inpatients. S Afr Med J 1992 Nov;82(5):338-40.
(274) Koponen HJ, Sirvio J, Lepola U, Leinonen E, Riekkinen PJ.
A long-term follow-up study of cerebrospinal fluid acetylcholinesterase in
delirium. European Archives of Psychiatry & Clinical Neuroscience 1
994;243(6):347-5 1.
(275) Warshaw G, Tanzer F. The effectiveness of lumbar puncture
in the evaluation of delirium and fever in the hospitalized elderly. Archives
of Family Medicine 1993 Mar;2(3):293-7.
(276) Metersky ML, Williams A, Rafanan AL. Retrospective
analysis: are fever and altered mental status indications for lumbar puncture
in a hospitalized patient who has not undergone neurosurgery?[see comment].
Clinical Infectious Diseases 1997 Aug;25(2):285-8.
(277) O'Keeffe ST, Lavan JN. Subcutaneous fluids in elderly
hospital patients with cognitive impairment. Gerontology 1 996;42(1):36-9.
(278) Hashimoto H, Yamashiro M. [Postoperative delirium and
abnormal behaviour related with preoperative quality of life in elderly
patients]. Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi 1994 Aug;3 1 (8):633-8.
(279) Lazarus HR, Hagens JH. Prevention of psychosis following
open-heart surgery. Am J Psychiatry 1968 Mar;124(9):1 190-5.
(280) Budd S, Brown W. Effect of a reorientation technique on
postcardiotomy delirium. Nurs Res 1974 Jul;23(4):341-8.
(281) Williams MA, Campbell EB, Raynor WJ, Mlynarczyk SM, Ward
SE. Reducing acute confusional states in elderly patients with hip fractures.
Res Nurs Health 1985 Dec;8(4):329-37.
(282) Meagher DJ, O'Hanlon D, O'Mahony E, Casey PR. The use of
environmental strategies and psychotropic medication in the management of
delirium. Br J Psychiatry 1996 Apr;168(4):512-5.
(283) Rockwood K. Educational interventions in delirium. Dement
Geriatr Cogn Disord 1999 Sep; 1 0(5):426- 9.
(284) McDowell JA, Mion LC, Lydon TJ, Inouye SK. A
nonpharmacologic sleep protocol for hospitalized older patients. J Am Geriatr
Soc 1998 Jun;46(6):700-5.
(285) Tune L, Carr S, Hoag E, Cooper T. Anticholinergic effects
of drugs commonly prescribed for the elderly: potential means for assessing
risk of delirium. Am J Psychiatry 1992 Oct; 149(10): 1393-4.
(286) Bruera E, Neumann CM. The uses of psychotropics in symptom
management in advanced cancer. [Review] [105 refs]. Psycho-Oncology 1998
Jul;7(4):346-58.
(287) Bruera E, Neumann CM. Management of specific symptom
complexes in patients receiving palliative care.[see comment]. [Review] [44
refs]. CMAJ Canadian Medical Association Journal 1998 Jun
30;158(13):1717-26.
(288) Breitbart W, Marotta R, Platt MM, Weisman H, Derevenco M,
Grau C, et al. A double-blind trial of haloperidol, chlorpromazine, and
lorazepam in the treatment of delirium in hospitalized AIDS patients. Am J
Psychiatry 1996 Feb;153(2):231-7.
(289) Someya T, Endo T, Hara T, Yagi G, Suzuki J. A survey on
the drug therapy for delirium. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2001
Aug;55(4):397-401.
(290) Morita T, Akechi T, Sugawara Y, Chihara S, Uchitomi Y.
Practices and attitudes of Japanese oncologists and palliative care physicians
concerning terminal sedation: a nationwide survey. [see comments.]. Journal of
Clinical Oncology 2002 Feb 1 ;20(3):758-64.
(291) Sartorius N, Fleischhacker WW, Gjerris A, Kern U, Knapp
M, Leonard BE, et al. The usefulness and use of second-generation antipsychotic
medications: Preface. Current Opinion in Psychiatry {CURR OPIN PSYCHIATRY}
2002; 1 5(SUPPL. 1):S 1 -S51.
(292) Lee PE, Gill SS, Freedman M, Bronskill SE, Hillmer MP,
Rochon PA. Atypical antipsychotic drugs in the treatment of behavioural and
psychological symptoms of dementia: systematic review. BMJ 2004 Jul
10;329(7457):75-0.
(293) Tariot PN, Profenno LA, Ismail MS. Efficacy of atypical
antipsychotics in elderly patients with dementia. [Review] [17 refs]. Journal
of Clinical Psychiatry 65 Suppl 11:11-5, 2004.
(294) Lawlor BA. Behavioral and psychological symptoms in
dementia: the role of atypical antipsychotics. [Review] [56 refs]. Journal of
Clinical Psychiatry 65 Suppl 11:5-10, 2004.
(295) Schneider LS, Dagerman KS, Insel P. Risk of death with
atypical antipsychotic drug treatment for dementia: meta-analysis of randomized
placebo-controlled trials. JAMA 2005 Oct 1 9;294(1 5): 1934-43.
(296) Wooltorton E. Olanzapine (Zyprexa): increased incidence of
cerebrovascular events in dementia trials. Canadian Medical Association Journal
2004 Apr 27; 170(9): 1395.
(297) Wooltorton E. Risperidone (Risperdal): increased rate of
cerebrovascular events in dementia trials. Canadian Medical Association Journal
2002 Nov 26; 167(11): 1269-70.
(298) Stoppe G, Brandt CA, Staedt JH. Behavioural problems
associated with dementia: the role of newer antipsychotics. Drugs Aging 1999
Jan; 14(1):41 -54.
(299) Falsetti AE. Risperidone for control of agitation in
dementia patients. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2000 May 1 ;57(9):862-70.
(300) Barton F, I, Prince T. Clinical experience with
risperidone, haloperidol, and thioridazine for dementia-associated behavioral
disturbances. International Psychogeriatrics {INT PSYCHOGERIATR } 1 997;9(4):43
1-5.
(301) Katz IR, Jeste DV, Mintzer JE, Clyde C, Napolitano J,
Brecher M. Comparison of risperidone and placebo for psychosis and behavioral
disturbances associated with dementia: a randomized, double-blind trial.
Risperidone Study Group. J Clin Psychiatry 1999 Feb;60(2): 107-15.
(302) De Deyn PP, Rabheru K, Rasmussen A, Bocksberger JP,
Dautzenberg PLJ, Eriksson S, et al. A randomized trial of risperidone, placebo,
and haloperidol for behavioral symptoms of dementia. Neurology 1999 Sep
1;53(5):946.
(303) De Deyn PP, Katz IR. Control of aggression and agitation
in patients with dementia: efficacy and safety of risperidone. [Review] [25
refs]. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2000 Jul; 1 5:Suppl-22.
(304) Chan WC, Lam LC, Choy CN, Leung VP, Li SW, Chiu HF. A
double-blind randomised comparison of
risperidone and haloperidol in the treatment of behavioural and
psychological symptoms in Chinese
dementia patients.[see comment]. International Journal of
Geriatric Psychiatry 2001 Dec; 16(12): 1156-
62.
(305) Schneider LS, Dagerman KS, Insel P. Risk of death with
atypical antipsychotic drug treatment for dementia: meta-analysis of randomized
placebo-controlled trials. JAMA 2005 Oct 1 9;294(1 5): 1934-43.
(306) Fernandez F, Holmes VF, Adams F, Kavanaugh JJ. Treatment
of severe, refractory agitation with a haloperidol drip. Journal of Clinical
Psychiatry 49(6):239-41, 1988 Jun.
(307) Packard RC. Delirium. Neurologist 2001 ;7(6):327-40.
(308) Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with
delirium. American Psychiatric Association. [see comments.]. American Journal
of Psychiatry 1999 May; 156(5 Suppl): 1-20.
(309) Cole MG. Delirium in elderly patients. American Journal of
Geriatric Psychiatry 12(1):7-21, 2004 Jan;- Feb.
(310) Okasha A. Psychiatric research in an international
perspective. The role of WPA. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2003 Feb 1;107(2):81-4.
(311) Hassaballa HA, Balk RA. Torsade de pointes associated with
the administration of intravenous haloperidol:a review of the literature and
practical guidelines for use. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2003 Nov;2(6):543-7.
(312) Schwartz TL, Masand PS. The role of atypical
antipsychotics in the treatment of delirium. [Review] [19 refs]. Psychosomatics
2002 May;43(3): 171-4.
(313) Tune L. The role of antipsychotics in treating delirium.
Curr Psychiatry Rep 2002 Jun;4(3):209-12.
(314) Sipahimalani A, Masand PS. Olanzapine in the treatment of
delirium. Psychosomatics 1 998;39(5):422- 30.
(315) Kim KS, Pae CU, Chae JH, Bahk WM, Jun T. An open pilot
trial of olanzapine for delirium in the Korean population. Psychiatry Clin
Neurosci 2001 Oct;55(5):5 15-9.
(316) Sasaki Y, Matsuyama T, Inoue S, Sunami T, Inoue T, Denda
K, et al. A prospective, open-label, flexible-dose study of quetiapine in the
treatment of delirium. J Clin Psychiatry 2003 Nov;64(1 1): 1316- 21.
(317) Horikawa N, Yamazaki T, Miyamoto K, Kurosawa A, Oiso H,
Matsumoto F, et al. Treatment for delirium with risperidone: results of a
prospective open trial with 10 patients. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2003
Jul;25(4):289-92.
(318) Mittal D, Jimerson N, Peoples E, Johnson W, Kennedy R,
Torres R, et al. Treatment of delirium with risperidone: Results from an
open-label prospective trial. Psychosomatics 2003 Mar;44(2): 139-40.
(319) Kim KS, Pae CU, Chae JH, Bahk WM, Jun T. An open pilot
trial of olanzapine for delirium in the Korean population. Psychiatry and
Clinical Neurosciences 2001;55(5):515-9.
(320) Skrobik YK, Bergeron N, Dumont M, Gottfried SB. Olanzapine
vs haloperidol: treating delirium in a critical care setting. Intensive Care
Medicine 30(3):444-9, 2004 Mar.
(321) Parellada E, Baeza I, de Pablo J, MartA-nez G. Risperidone
in the treatment of patients with delirium. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
65(3):348-53, 2004 Mar.
(322) Han CS, Kim YK. A double-blind trial of risperidone and
haloperidol for the treatment of delirium. Psychosomatics 45(4):297-301, 2004
Jul;-Aug.
(323) Pae CU, Lee SJ, Lee CU, Lee C, Paik IH. A pilot trial of
quetiapine for the treatment of patients with delirium. Human
Psychopharmacology 191 9;(2): 125-7.
(324) Uchiyama M, Tanaka K, Isse K, Toru M. Efficacy of
mianserin on symptoms of delirium in the aged: an open trial study. Prog
Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1996 May;20(4):651-6.
(325) Bonne O, Shalev AY, Bloch M. Delirium associated with
mianserin. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1995 Jun;5(2): 147-9.
(326) Bayindir O, Guden M, Akpinar B, Sanisoglu I, Sagbas E.
Ondansetron hydrochloride for the treatment of delirium after coronary artery
surgery. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2001; 121(1): 176-7.
(327) Hanania M, Kitain E. Melatonin for treatment and
prevention of postoperative delirium. Anesthesia and Analgesia
2002;94(2):338-9.
(328) Evans D, Wood J, Lambert L. Patient injury and physical
restraint devices: a systematic review. [Review] [33 refs]. Journal of Advanced
Nursing 2003 Feb;41(3):274-82.
(329) Pollanen MS, Chiasson DA, Cairns JT, Young JG. Unexpected
death related to restraint for excited delirium: a retrospective study of
deaths in police custody and in the community. CMAJ 1998 Jun
16;158(12):1603-7.
(330) Stratton SJ, Rogers C, Brickett K, Gruzinski G. Factors
associated with sudden death of individuals requiring restraint for excited
delirium. American Journal of Emergency Medicine 2001; 19(3): 187-91.
(331) Auerswald KB, Charpentier PA, Inouye SK. The informed
consent process in older patients who developed delirium: A clinical
epidemiologic study. American Journal of Medicine 1997; 1 03(5):410-8.
(332) Wasserfallen J-B, Stiefel F, Clarke S, Crespo A.
Appréciation de la capacité de discernement des patients:
procédure d'aide à l'usage des médecins. Bulletin des
médecins suisses 85[32-33], 1701-1704. 2004.
Ref Type: Generic
(333) Maddocks I, Somogyi A, Abbott F, Hayball P, Parker D.
Attenuation of Morphine-Induced Delirium in Palliative Care by Substitution
With Infusion of Oxycodone. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 1996 Sep;
12(3): 182-9.
(334) Morita T, Tei Y, Inoue S. Impaired communication capacity
and agitated delirium in the final week of terminally ill cancer patients:
Prevalence and identification of research focus. Journal of Pain & Symptom
Management 2003;26(3):827-34.
(335) Sykes N, Thorns A. The use of opioids and sedatives at the
end of life. Lancet Oncology Vol 4(5)()(pp 312-318), 2003 Date of Publication:
01 MAY 2003 2003;(5):312-8.
(336) Sykes N, Thorns A. Sedative use in the last week of life
and the implications for end-of-life decision making. Archives of Internal
Medicine 2003 Feb 10; 163 (3):341 -4.
(337) Lawlor PG, Bruera ED. Delirium in patients with advanced
cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2002 Jun;16(3):701-14.
(338) Cherny NI, Catane R, European Society of Medical
Oncology Taskforce on Palliative and Supportive Care. Attitudes of medical
oncologists toward palliative care for patients with advanced and incurable
cancer: report on a survery by the European Society of Medical Oncology
Taskforce on Palliative and Supportive Care. Cancer 98(11):2502-10, 2003 Dec
1.
(339) Fainsinger RL, Waller A, Bercovici M, Bengtson K, Landman
W, Hosking M, et al. A multicentre international study of sedation for
uncontrolled symptoms in terminally ill patients. Palliat Med 2000 Jul;
14(4):257-65.
|