ABSTRACT
Cholera is a major concern in public health and is not endemic
in Yaoundé city of Cameroon yet it has undergone another epidemic in
2018. In order to prevent a potential endemic situation, this study therefore
aims to make a spatial representation of multi-criteria vulnerability to
cholera in targeted dirty-environment neighborhoods in Yaoundé city in
order to propose a convenient and sustainable strategy for sanitary and
first-aid relief health education.
Surveys were conducted in 210 (30X7) households. After
statistical analysis of the data, we observed that women (60 %) were the most
available to answer our questions. The majority of respondents live in survival
and lack of public health information. Interviewees' knowledge on cholera,
hygiene as well as potential behavior in regard of cholera patients remains
very poor, diverse and favorable of cholera contamination. 40.96 % of the
interviewed households only know about 02 causes of cholera among the 05 causes
proposed on the questionnaire. The best known cause was <eating without
washing hands>. 50, 96 % of households were not aware of any caution
regarding the handling of stool and vomit of a potential cholera patient. The
bacteriological analyzes of the well water samples collected in the
Bonamoussadi neighborhood revealed the presence of numerous (averagely 537
UFC/100mL) fecal pollution bacteria (E. coli). The vulnerability index computed
with ACF method (2012) ranges from 1.86 to 4.5 on a scale of 0 to 5, with more
than 88 % of indices between 2.5 and 4.5. For the overall vulnerability index,
it ranges from 2.74 to 3.11.
The results of this study showed that the slums of
Yaoundé city were generally highly vulnerable to cholera. The overall
study provides a database which allowed us to draw vulnerability maps. Finally
an environmental-health education plan was designed in order to sustainably
prevent cholera in particular and diarrheal and fecal peril diseases in
general.
Key words: cholera, vulnerability, fecal
pollution bacteria, environmental education
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TABLE DES MATIERES
DEDICACE i
REMERCIEMENTS ii
ABBREVIATIONS ET ACRONYMES iii
LISTE DES TABLEAUX iv
LISTE DES FIGURES v
LISTE DES PHOTOS vi
RESUME vii
ABSTRACT viii
TABLE DES MATIERES ix
INTRODUCTION GENERALE 1
Contexte général et justification 1
Problématique 2
Importance de l'étude 3
Questions de recherche 3
Question centrale 3
Question secondaires 3
Hypothèses 4
Hypothèse principale 4
Hypothèses secondaires 4
Objectifs 4
Objectif général 4
Objectifs spécifiques 4
CHAPITRE1 : REVUE DE LITTERATURE 5
1.1. Généralités sur le choléra 5
1.1.1. Causalité 5
1.1.2. Clinique du choléra 9
1.1.3. Physiopathologie du choléra 12
1.1.4. Facteurs de risque liés à l'occurrence du
choléra 13
1.1.5. Voies de contamination et transmission du choléra
14
1.1.5.1. Habitat du vibrion cholérique 14
1.1.5.2. Modes de Transmission 15
1.1.6. Traitement du choléra 17
1.1.7. Prévention du choléra 19
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1.2. Le Choléra au Cameroun 23
1.2.1. Historique du choléra au Cameroun 23
1.2.2. Epidémie de choléra au Cameroun en 2018
26
1.2.3. Diversité des facteurs de risque du choléra
au Cameroun : cas typique de la ville de Douala
27
1.2.4. Lutte contre le choléra au Cameroun 28
1.2.5. Plan national de riposte contre l'épidémie
de choléra en 2018 30
1.2.6. Quelques insuffisances relevées dans ce plan 32
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