GNU Free Documentation License
Version 1.2, November 2002
Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
0. PREAMBLE
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or
other
functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom:
to
assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute
it,
with or without modifying it, either commercially or
noncommercially.
Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher
a way
to get credit for their work, while not being considered
responsible
for modifications made by others.
This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that
derivative
works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.
It
complements the GNU General Public License, which is a
copyleft
license designed for free software.
We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for
free
software, because free software needs free documentation: a
free
program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that
the
software does. But this License is not limited to software
manuals;
it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter
or
whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this
License
principally for works whose purpose is instruction or
reference.
1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium,
that
contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can
be
distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants
a
world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use
that
work under the conditions stated herein. The "Document",
below,
refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is
a
licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept the license if
you
copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring
permission
under copyright law.
A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing
the
Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
modifications and/or translated into another language.
A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter
section of
the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of
the
publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall
subject
(or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall
directly
within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in part
a
textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain
any
mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical
connection with the subject or with related matters, or of
legal,
commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position
regarding
them.
The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose
titles
are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the
notice
that says that the Document is released under this License. If
a
section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is
not
allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain
zero
Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any
Invariant
Sections then there are none.
The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are
listed,
as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says
that
the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text
may
be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25
words.
A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable
copy,
represented in a format whose specification is available to
the
general public, that is suitable for revising the document
straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images
composed of
pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely
available
drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters
or
for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for
input
to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent
file
format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to
thwart
or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not
Transparent.
An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial
amount
of text. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include
plain
ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format,
SGML
or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming
simple
HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples
of
transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque
formats
include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only
by
proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD
and/or
processing tools are not generally available, and the
machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some
word
processors for output purposes only.
The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page
itself,
plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the
material
this License requires to appear in the title page. For works
in
formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page"
means
the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's
title,
preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document
whose
title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses
following
text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands
for a
specific section name mentioned below, such as
"Acknowledgements",
"Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".) To "Preserve the
Title"
of such a section when you modify the Document means that it
remains a
section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition.
The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice
which
states that this License applies to the Document. These
Warranty
Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this
License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and
has
no effect on the meaning of this License.
2. VERBATIM COPYING
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License,
the
copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License
applies
to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no
other
conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not
use
technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or
further
copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may
accept
compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large
enough
number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section
3.
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above,
and
you may publicly display copies.
3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly
have
printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and
the
Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose
the
copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these
Cover
Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts
on
the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly
identify
you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must
present
the full title with all words of the title equally prominent
and
visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition.
Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they
preserve
the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be
treated
as verbatim copying in other respects.
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to
fit
legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto
adjacent
pages.
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document
numbering
more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable
Transparent
copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque
copy
a computer-network location from which the general
network-using
public has access to download using public-standard network
protocols
a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added
material.
If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent
steps,
when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to
ensure
that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the
stated
location until at least one year after the last time you
distribute an
Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of
that
edition to the public.
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors
of the
Document well before redistributing any large number of copies,
to give
them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the
Document.
4. MODIFICATIONS
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document
under
the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you
release
the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the
Modified
Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing
distribution
and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a
copy
of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified
Version:
A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title
distinct
from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
(which should, if there were any, be listed in the History
section
of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous
version
if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or
entities
responsible for authorship of the modifications in the
Modified
Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of
the
Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than
five),
unless they release you from this requirement.
C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
Modified Version, as the publisher.
D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
adjacent to the other copyright notices.
F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license
notice
giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under
the
terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum
below.
G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant
Sections
and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license
notice.
H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title,
and add
to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors,
and
publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page.
If
there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create
one
stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document
as
given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the
Modified
Version as stated in the previous sentence.
J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document
for
public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and
likewise
the network locations given in the Document for previous
versions
it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section.
You may omit a network location for a work that was published
at
least four years before the Document itself, or if the
original
publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or
"Dedications",
Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section
all
the substance and tone of each of the contributor
acknowledgements
and/or dedications given therein.
L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
or the equivalent are not considered part of the section
titles.
M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section
may not be included in the Modified Version.
N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled
"Endorsements"
or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no
material
copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some
or all
of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to
the
list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license
notice.
These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it
contains
nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text
has
been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition
of a
standard.
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text,
and a
passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the
list
of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of
Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by
(or
through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document
already
includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you
or
by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf
of,
you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on
explicit
permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this
License
give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert
or
imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
You may combine the Document with other documents released under
this
License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for
modified
versions, provided that you include in the combination all of
the
Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified,
and
list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in
its
license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty
Disclaimers.
The combined work need only contain one copy of this License,
and
multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a
single
copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name
but
different contents, make the title of each such section unique
by
adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the
original
author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique
number.
Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled
"History"
in the various original documents, forming one section
Entitled
"History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled
"Acknowledgements",
and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must delete all
sections
Entitled "Endorsements".
6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
documents
released under this License, and replace the individual copies of
this
License in the various documents with a single copy that is
included in
the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this
License for
verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other
respects.
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
distribute
it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of
this
License into the extracted document, and follow this License in
all
other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other
separate
and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a
storage or
distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright
resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal
rights
of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works
permit.
When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does
not
apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not
themselves
derivative works of the Document.
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to
these
copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one
half of
the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed
on
covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic
form.
Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the
whole
aggregate.
8. TRANSLATION
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
distribute translations of the Document under the terms of
section 4.
Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires
special
permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to
the
original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include
a
translation of this License, and all the license notices in
the
Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also
include
the original English version of this License and the original
versions
of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement
between
the translation and the original version of this License or a
notice
or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
"Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to
Preserve
its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the
actual
title.
9. TERMINATION
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
except
as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt
to
copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and
will
automatically terminate your rights under this License.
However,
parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under
this
License will not have their licenses terminated so long as
such
parties remain in full compliance.
10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions
of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such
new
versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but
may
differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
number.
If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of
this
License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option
of
following the terms and conditions either of that specified
version or
of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by
the
Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a
version
number of this License, you may choose any version ever published
(not
as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
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