2.3.2.7. Effect
Gamble and Gamble (2002) say that the effect, during the
communication process, is the communication outcome. This means that
communication has always some effects on communicators. The effect can be
emotional, physical, cognitive or any combination of the three.
Therefore, a communicator should always take into account the
effect of the communication he is involved in. Hence, he must avoid everything
that may affect negatively the outcome of his communication. One of what he
must avoid is the bad use of language.
2.3.3. Types of Communication
DeSantis (1999) says that types of communication are usually
distinguished by, the number of people involved in it, the purpose of
communication, and the degree of formality in which it occurs. Therefore, when
considering the number of people involved in a communication action, he
classifies these types into four, namely: intrapersonal, interpersonal, small
group and team, and public communication. Here, the small group and team
communication is taken as a subcomponent of interpersonal communication.
Written communication and oral communication are also added to these types as
the manner of communication is taken into account.
2.3.3.1. Intrapersonal Communication
According to DeSantis (1999), intrapersonal communication is
the process of understanding information within oneself because we communicate
with ourselves before communicating with others. He adds, «Intrapersonal
communication includes diverse internal activities such as thinking, problem
solving, conflict resolution, planning, emotion, stress, evaluation, and
relationship development. (...) Intrapersonal communication may occur without
the presence of any other type of communication, but all other types of
communication cannot occur without it. ». (op cit., p.22)
Gamble and Gamble (2002, p.9) say, «During the
intrapersonal communication, you think about, talk with, learn about, reason
with, and evaluate yourself». Similarly, Payne (2001) says that
intrapersonal communication is the meaning we create within ourselves.
Therefore, he adds that before communicating with others, we create within
ourselves the meaning that we want to transfer with our message.
2.3.3.2. Interpersonal Communication
DeSantis (1999, p.23) defines the interpersonal communication
as «The informal exchange of information between two or more people».
This type of communication is similar to the intrapersonal communication in
that it also help, to share information, solve problems, resolve conflicts,
understand our perception of self and of others, and establish relationship
with others.
Gamble and Gamble (2002, p.9) say that «When you engage
in interpersonal communication, you interact with another, learn about him or
her and act in ways that help sustain or terminate your relationship». In
addition, for Payne (2001), the interpersonal communication occurs in contexts
where two or more people actively participate in exchanging messages. It is the
case of a conversation, a small group discussion, and an interview. He adds
that, in this type of communication, the largest group must be made of ten to
fourteen people.
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