REFERENCES
Attention
1 : l'espace vient après la virgule pas avant
2Entre le nom du journal et l'année il n'y a pas de point
(.)
3 Après l'année il y a un point virgule ( ;)
pas un double point ( : ).
4 Après le volume il y a un double point ( :)
1. Peto R, Lopez AD, Boreham J, Thun M, Heath C. Mortality
from tobacco in developed countries: Indirect estimation from national vital
statistics. Lancet 1992; 339: 1268-78.
2. Peto R. Smoking and death: the past 40 years and the next
40. British Medical Journal 1994;309:937-9.
3. Organisation mondiale de la Santé. Tobacco or health
: a global status report. Genève : Organisation mondiale de la
Santé; 1997.
4. Pierce JP. International comparisons of trends in cigarette
smoking prevalence. American Journal of Public Health 1989; 79: 152-7.
5. Mackay J, Crofton J. Tobacco and the developing world.
British Medical Bulletin 1996; 52: 206-21.
6. Jha P, Chaloupka FJ. Maîtriser
l'épidémie : L'Etat et les aspects économiques de la lutte
contre le tabagisme. Washington (DC): Banque mondiale, 1999.
http://www1.worldbank.org/tobacco/Curbing-Tobacco-French.pdf
7. Pyrgakis VN. Smoking and Cardiovascular Disease: Hellenic
Journal of Cardiology 2009; 50: 231-234
8. Ezzati M, Lopez AD. Regional, disease specific patterns of
smoking-attributable mortality in 2000. Tobacco Control. 2004; 13: 388-395.
9. Jha P, Chaloupka FJ, Moore J, Gajalakshmi V, Gupta PC, Peck
Ret al. Tobacco Addiction. In: Jamison DT, BregmanJG, Measham A, editors.
Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries. World Bank, NY, USA: Oxford
University Press; 2006. p. 869-885.
10. Hammond EC, Garfinkel L. Coronary heart disease, stroke,
and aortic aneurysm. Archive of the Environnemental Health. 1969: 19;
167-182.
11. Doll R, Peto R, Wheatley K, Gray R, Sutherland I.
Mortality in relation to smoking: 40 years' observations on male British
doctors. British Medical Journal 1994; 309: 901-911.
12.Benowitz NL. Cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease:
pathophysiology and implications for treatment. Progress in Cardiovascular
Disease 2003; 46: 91-111.
13. Teo KK, Ounpuu S, Hawken S, Pandey MR, Valentin V, Hunt D
et al. Tobacco use and risk of myocardial infarction in 52 countries in the
INTERHEART study: a case-control study. Lancet 2006; 368: 647-658.
14. Burns DM. Epidemiology of smoking-induced cardiovascular
disease. Progress in Cardiovascular Disease 2003; 46: 11-29.
15. Willett WC, Green A, Stampfer MJ, Speizer FE, Colditz GA,
Rosner B et al. Relative and absolute excess risks of coronary heart disease
among women who smoke cigarettes. New England Journal of Medicine 1987; 317:
1303-1309.
16. Mbuyu MR, Banza Lubaba NC. Rapport de l'enquête
globale sur le tabagisme chez les jeunes. Global Youth Tobacco Survey 2008,
Kinshasa, RD Congo.
17. Wannamethee G, Shaper AG, Macfarlane PW, Walker M. Risk
factors for sudden cardiac death in middle-aged Britishmen. Circulation 1995;
91: 1749-56.
18. Price JF, Mowbray PI, Lee AJ, Rumley A, Lowe GD, Fowkes
FG. Relationship between smoking and cardiovascular risk factors in the
development of peripheral arterial disease and coronary artery
disease:Edinburgh Artery Study. European Heart Journal. 1999; 20: 344-353.
19. Bendermacher BLW, Willigendael EM, Teijink JAW, Prins MH.
Medical management of peripheral arterial disease. Journal of Thrombosis and
Haemostasis. 2005: 3; 1628-1637.
20. Iribarren C, Darbinian JA, Go AS, Fireman BH, Lee CD, Grey
DP. Traditional and novel risk factors for clinically diagnosed abdominal
aortic aneurysm: The Kaiser Multiphasic Health Checkup Cohort Study. Annual of
Epidemiology . 2007; 17: 669-678.
21. Colditz GA, Bonita R, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Rosner B,
Speizer FE et al. Cigarette smoking and risk of stroke in middle-aged women.
New England Journal of Medicine.1988; 318: 937-941.
22. He J, Vupputuri S, Allen K, Prerost MR, Hughes J, Whelton
PK. Passive smoking and the risk of coronary heart disease - a meta-analysis of
epidemiologic studies. New England Journal of Medicine 1999; 340: 920-926.
23. Bonita R, Duncan J, Truelsen T, Jackson RT, Beaglehole R.
Passive smoking as well as active smoking increases the risk of acute stroke.
Tobacco Control 1999; 8: 156-160.
24. Braunwald's Heart Disease e-dition, Eighth Edition
Maison d'édition et année
.
25. Ambrose JA,Barua RS.The pathophysiology of cigarette
smoking and cardiovascular disease an update. Journal of the American College
Cardiology 2004;43:1731-7
26. Pryor WA, Stone K. Oxidants in cigarette smoke: radicals,
hydrogen peroxide, peroxynitrate, and peroxynitrite. Annual New York Academy of
Science1993686:12-28.
27. Smith CJ, Fischer TH. Particulate and vapor phase
constituents of cigarette mainstream smoke and risk of myocardial infarction.
Atherosclerosis 2001;158:257-67.
28. Taylor AE, Johnson DC, Kazemi H. Environmental tobacco
smoke and cardiovascular disease: a position paper from the Council on
Cardiopulmonary and Critical Care, American Heart Association. Circulation
1992;86:699-702.
29. Glantz SA, Parmley WW. Passive smoking and heart disease:
epidemiology,physiology, and biochemistry. Circulation 1991;83:1-12
30. Powell JT. Vascular damage from smoking: disease
mechanisms at the arterial wall. Vascular Medicine 1998;3:21-8.
31. Black HR. Smoking and cardiovascular disease. In: Laragh
JH, Brenner BM, editors. Hypertension: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and
Management. 2nd edition. New York, NY: Raven Press Ltd. 1995:2621-47.
32. Herbert WH. Cigarette smoking and arteriographically
demonstrable coronary artery disease. Chest 1975; 67: 49-52.
33. Waters D, Lesperance J, Gladstone P, Boccuzzi SJ, Cook T,
Hudgin R . Effects of cigarette smoking on the angiographic evolution of
coronary atherosclerosis: a Canadian Coronary Atherosclerosis Intervention
trial (CCAIT) substudy: CCAIT Study Group. Circulation 1996; 94: 614-21
34. Inoue T, Oku K, Kimoto K, Takao M, NomotoJ, Handa K.
Relationship of cigarette smoking to the severity of coronary and thoracic
aortic atherosclerosis. Cardiology 1995;86:374-9.
35. Diez-Roux AV, Nieto FJ, Comstock GW, Howard G, Szklo M.
The relationship of active and passive smoking to carotid atherosclerosis 12 to
14 years later. Preventive Medicine 1995; 24: 48-55.
36. Ross R. Atherosclerosis--an inflammatory disease. New
England Journal of Medicine 1999; 340: 115-26.
37. Howard G, Burke GL, Szklo M, Tell GS, Eckfeldt J, Evans G,
Heiss G . Active and passive smoking are associated with increased carotid wall
thickness: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. Archives of Internal
Medicine 1994; 154: 1277-82.
38. Barua RS, Ambrose JA, Srivastava S, DeVoe MC,
Eales-Reynolds LJ. Reactive oxygen species are involved in smoking-induced
dysfunction of nitric oxide biosynthesis and upregulation of endothelial nitric
oxide synthase: an in vitro demonstration in human coronary artery endothelial
cells. Circulation 2003; 107: 2342-7.
39. McVeigh GE, Lemay L, Morgan D, Cohn JN. Effects of
long-term cigarette smoking on endothelium-dependent responses in humans.
American Journal of Cardiology 1996; 78: 668-72.
40. Ijzerman RG, Serne EH, van Weissenbruch MM, van
Weissenbruch MM, de Jongh RT, Stehouwer CD. Cigarette smoking is associated
with an acute impairment of microvascular function in humans. Clinical Sciences
(Lond) 2003; 104: 247-52.
41. Napoli C, Ignarro LJ. Nitric oxide and atherosclerosis.
Nitric Oxide 2001; 5: 88-97.
42. Mayhan WG, Patel KP. Effect of nicotine on endothelium
dependent arteriolar dilatation in vivo. American Journal of Physiology 1997;
272: H2337-42.
43. Tappia PS, Troughton KL, Langley-Evans SC, Grimble RF.
Cigarette smoking influences cytokine production and antioxidant defenses.
Clinical Sciences (Lond) 1995; 88: 485-9.
44. Mazzone A, Cusa C, Mazzucchelli I, Vezzoli M,Ottini E,Ghio
S. Cigarette smoking and hypertension influence nitric oxide release and plasma
levels of adhesion molecules. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine
2001;39:822-6.
45. Craig WY, Palomaki GE, Haddow JE. Cigarette smoking and
serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations: an analysis of published data.
British Medical Journal 1989; 298: 784-8.
46. Reaven G, Tsao PS. Insulin resistance and compensatory
hyperinsulinemia: the key player between cigarette smoking and cardio-vascular
disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2003; 41: 1044-7.
47. Heitzer T, Yla-Herttuala S, Luoma J, Kurz S, Munzel T,Just
H. Cigarette smoking potentiates endothelial dysfunction of forearm resistance
vessels in patients with hypercholesterolemia: role of oxidized LDL.
Circulation 1996; 9: 1346-53.
48. Yokode M, Kita T, Arai H, kawai C, Narumiya S, Fujiwara M.
Cholesteryl ester accumulation in macrophages incubated with low density
lipoprotein pretreated with cigarette smoke extract. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the USA 1988;85:2344-8.
49.Nishio E, Watanabe Y. Cigarette smoke extract inhibits
plasma paraoxonase activity by modification of the enzyme's free thiols.
Biochemistry and Biophysics Research Communications 1997; 236: 289-93.
50. Wang XL, Greco M, Sim AS, Duarte N, Wang J, Wilcken DE.
Effect of CYP1A1 MspI polymorphism on cigarette smoking related coronary artery
disease and diabetes. Atherosclerosis 2002; 162: 391-7.
51. Wang XL, Sim AS, Wang MX, Murrell GA, Trudinger B, Wang J.
Genotype dependent and cigarette specific effects on endothelial nitric oxide
synthase gene expression and enzyme activity. FEBS Letters 2000;471:45-50.
52. Burke AP, Farb A, Malcom GT, Liang YH, Smialek J, Virmani
R. Coronary risk factors and plaque morphology in men with coronary disease who
died suddenly. New England Journal of Medicine 1997; 336: 1276-82.
53. Czernin J, Sun K, Brunken R, Bottcher M, Phelps M,
Schelbert H. Effect of acute and long-term smoking on myocardial blood flow and
flow reserve. Circulation 1995; 91: 2891-7.
54. Sugiishi M, Takatsu F. Cigarette smoking is a major risk
factor for coronary spasm. Circulation 1993; 87: 76-9.
55.Rival J, Riddle JM, Stein PD. Effects of chronic smoking on
platelet function. Thrombosis Research 1987;45:75-85.
56. Blache D. Involvement of hydrogen and lipid peroxides in
acute tobacco smoking-induced platelet hyperactivity. American Journal of
Physiology 1995; 268: H679-85.
57. Sawada M, Kishi Y, Numano F, Isobe M. Smokers lack morning
increase in platelet sensitivity to nitric oxide. Journal of the Cardiovascular
Pharmacology 2002; 40: 571-6.
58. Kannel WB, D'Agostino RB, Belanger AJ. Fibrinogen,
cigarette smoking, and risk of cardiovascular disease: insights from the
Framingham Study. American Heart Journal 1987; 113: 1006-10.
59. Pretorius M, Rosenbaum DA, Lefebvre J, Vaughan DE, Brown
NJ. Smoking impairs bradykinin-stimulated t-PA release.
Hypertension2002;39:767-71.
60. Kjeldsen K, Thomsen HK, Astrup P. Effects of carbon
monoxide on myocardium: ultrastructural changes in rabbits after moderate,
chronic exposure. Circulation Research1974; 34: 339-48.
61. Zevin S, Saunders S, Gourlay SG, Jacob P, Benowitz NL.
Cardiovascular effects of carbon monoxide and cigarette smoking. Journal of the
American College of Cardiology 2001; 38: 1633-8.
62. Sun YP, Zhu BQ, Browne AE, Sievers RE, Bekker JM,
Chatterjee K et al. Nicotine does not influence arterial lipid deposits in
rabbits exposed to second-hand smoke. Circulation 2001; 104: 810-4.
63. Nedeljkovic ZS, Gokce N, Loscalzo J. Mechanisms of
oxidative stress and vascular dysfunction. Postgraduate Medicine Journal
2003; 79: 195-200.
64. Guthikonda S, Sinkey C, Barenz T, Haynes WG. Xanthine
oxidase inhibition reverses endothelial dysfunction in heavy smoker Circulation
2003; 107: 416-21.
65. Kojda G, Harrison D. Interactions between NO and reactive
oxygen species: pathophysiological importance in atherosclerosis, hypertension,
diabetes and heart failure. Cardiovascular Research 1999; 43: 562-71.
66. Heitzer T, Brockhoff C, Mayer B, et al.
Tetrahydrobiopterin improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in chronic
smokers: evidencefor a dysfunctional nitric oxide synthase. Circulation
Research 2000; 86: E36-41.
67. Price JF, Mowbray PI, Lee AJ, Rumley A, Lowe GD, Fowkes
FG. Relationship between smoking and cardiovascular risk factors in the
development of peripheral arterial disease and coronary artery disease:
Edinburgh Artery study. European Heart Journal 1999; 20: 344-53.
68. Takajo Y, Ikeda H, Haramaki N, Murohara T, Imaizumi T.
Augmented oxidative stress of platelets in chronic smokers: mechanisms of
impaired platelet-derived nitric oxide bioactivity and augmented platelet
aggregability. Journal of the American College Cardiology 2001;38:1320-7.
69. Barua RS, Ambrose JA, Eales-Reynolds LJ, DeVoe MC, Zervas
JG, Saha DC. Heavy and light cigarette smokers have similar dysfunction of
endothelial vasoregulatory activity: an in vivo and in vitro correlation.
Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2002; 39: 1758-63.
70. Glantz SA, Parmley WW. Passive smoking and heart disease:
mechanisms and risk. Journal of the American Medical Association 1995;
273:1047-53.
71. Critchley JA, Capewell S. Mortality risk reduction
associated with smoking cessation in patients with coronary heart disease: a
systematic review. Journal of the American Medical Association . 2003: 290;
86-97.
72. Kenfield S, Stampfer M, Rosner B, Colditz G. Smoking and
smokingcessation in relation to mortality in women. Journal of the American
Medical Association.2008: 299; 2037-2047.
73.Terres W, Becker P, Rosenberg A. Changes in cardiovascular
risk profile during the cessation of smoking. American Journal of Medicine.
199497; 242-249.
74. Hunter KA, Garlick PJ, Broom I, Anderson SE, McNurlan MA.
Effects of smoking and abstention from smoking on fibrinogen synthesis in
humans. Clinical Sciences (Colch). 2001: 100; 459-465.
75. Stubbe I, Eskilsson J, Nilsson-Ehle P. High-density
lipoprotein concentrations increase after stopping smoking. British Medical
Journal (Clin Res Ed). 1982: 284; 1511-1513.
76. Oren S, Isakov I, Golzman B, Kogan j,Turkot S,Peled
R,Yosety C. The influence of smoking cessation on hemodynamics and arterial
compliance. Angiology.2006: 57; 564-568.
77. Jonason T, Bergstrom R. Cessation of smoking in patients
with intermittent claudication. Effects on the risk of peripheral vascular
complications, myocardial infarction and mortality. Acta Medica Scandinavia.
1987: 221; 253-260.
78. Bayauli MP, M'Buyamba-Kayamba JR, Lemogoum D, Fagard R,
Degaute JP,Ditu MS, Lepira BF, M'Buyamba-Kabangu JR. Prehypertension,
Hypertension and Associated Cardiovascular Risk Factors among Adult Congolese
Urban Dwellers: Results of the Vitaraa Study. World Journal of Cardiovascular
Diseases 2014; 4: 390-398.
79. Bayauli MP, M'Buyamba-Kayamba JR, Lemogoum D, ThijsL,
DramaixM, Fagard R, StaessenJA, Degaute JP, Ditu MS, M'Buyamba-KabanguJR.
Cardiovascular Risk Factors among the Inhabitants of an Urban Congolese
Community: Results of the VITARAA Study. International Journal of Cardiology
Metabolic &Endocrine 2014; 4: 33-38
80. Katchunga PB, M'Buyamba-Kayamba JR, Masumbuko BE, Lemogoum
D, Kashongwe ZM, Degaute J-P et al.Hypertension arterielle chez les adultes
congolais: résultats de l'étude VITARAA. Presse Médicale.
2011; 40: e315-e323
81. M'Buyamba-Kabangu JR, Fagard R, Lijnen P, Staessen J, Ditu
MS, Tshiani KA, Amery A. Epidemiological study of blood pressure and
hypertension in a sample of urban Bantu of Zaire. Journal of the
Hypertension1986;4: 485-92.
82. M'Buyamba-Kabangu JR, Fagard R, Staessen J, Lijnen P,
Amery A. Correlates of blood pressure in rural and urban Zaire. Journal of
Hypertension 1987; 5: 371-375.
83. Aram VC, George LB, Henry RB, William CC, Lee AG, Joseph
LI,et coll. The seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on the
prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and treatment of High Blood Pressure: The
JNC-7 report. Journal of the American Medical Association 2003;289:
2560-2571.
84. WHO Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic.
Report of a WHO Consultation on Obesity. Geneva; 1997: 1-276.
85. Alberti KGMM, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ, Cleeman JI,
Donato KA, et coll. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim
statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology
and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart
Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and
International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation 2009; 120:
1640-1645.
85. The Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification
of Diabetes Mellitus. Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and
Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 1999;22(suppl 1):S5-S19.
86. OMS. Rapport de l'OMS sur l'épidémie
mondiale de tabagisme, 2011 : Mettre en garde contre les dangers du
tabagisme. Genève, Suisse :OMS, 2011.
87 . Nubukpo Ph . Le tabagisme en Afrique
sub-saharienne : l'exemple du Bénin. In Congrès 2012 de la
Société Française de Tabacologie.
88. OMS. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2013:
Enforcing bans on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship. Published.
Appendix x. Graphs 10.1: Age- standardized prevalence estimates for tobacco
smoking among all persons aged 15 years and over.Genève, Suisse: Tobacco
Free Initiative, OMS,2013.
89. Longo-Mbenza B, Beya E, Ekwanzala F, Vangu N, Nahimana D,
Mbungu F, M'Buyamba-Kabangu JR, Bieleli I, Mupepe M. Enquête sur les
facteurs de risque des maladies non transmissibles à Kinshasa, capital
de la RD du Congoselon l'approche STEPS de l'OMS. Novembre
2006.www.who.int/chp/steps/STEPS_DRC_Final.pdf.
90. BMGF (Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation).Tobacco:Strategy
overview.Seattle,WA:BMGF. 2011
91. Network of African Science Academies. Prévention
d'une épidémie de tabagisme en Afrique: un appel pour une action
efficace visant à appuyer le développement sanitaire, social et
économique. Nairobi, Kenya. Rapport de la commission sur les effets
néfastes du tabac sur la Santé, l'économie et le
développement de l'Afrique. 2014
92.OMS. Gender, women, and the tobacco epidemic.
Genève, Suisse : OMS, 2010.
93.Townsend LA, Fisher J, Gilreath T, King G.A systematic
literature review of tobacco use among adults 15 years and older in sub-Saharan
Africa. Drug and Alcohol Dependance 2006; 84 (1): 14-27
94.Peltzer K. Early smoking initiation and associated factors
among in-school male and female adolescents in seven African countries. African
Health Sciences 2011;11(3):320-328
95. Blecher EH,Ross H. Tobacco use in Africa: Tobacco control
trough prevention. Atlanta GA: American Cancer Society. 2013
96. Williamson DF, Madans J, Anda RF, Kleinman JC, Giovino GA,
Byers T. Smoking cessation and severity of weight gain in a national cohort.
New England Journal of Medicine 1991; 324: 739-745.
97. Audrain-McGovern J, Benowitz NL. Cigarette smoking,
nicotine, and body weight. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapy 2011; 90:
164-8.
98. Hofstetter A, Schutz Y, Jequier E, Wahren J. Increased
24-hour energy expenditure in cigarette smokers. New England Journal of
Medicine 1986; 314: 79-82.
99. Neki NS. Lipid profile in chronic Smokers- a clinical
study. Journal of the Indian Academy of Clinical Medicine
2002 ; 3(1):51-54
100. Carlson LA, Bottiger LE, Ahfeldt PE. Risk factors for
myocardial infarction in the Stockholm prospective study:A 14 year followup on
focusing on the role of plasma triglycerides and cholesterol. Acta Medica
Scandinavia 1979; 206: 315-60.
101. Mjos OD. Lipid effects of smoking. American Heart
Journal1988;115:272-5.
|