Chapter 3. DIGLOSSIC ANALYSIS OF LEXICAL FEATURES IN SWAHILI
SPOKEN IN BUKAVU
3.1.
Introduction
This chapter is devoted to a lexical analysis of the two
varieties of Swahili spoken in Bukavu. Concerning lexicon, Hornby (2001:681)
says it is «all the words and phrases used and known by a particular
person or group of people.» Meanwhile, the lexical classes in focus in
this study are nouns, adjectives, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, prepositions,
conjunctions, and interjections.
3.2.
Nouns
3.2.1.
Noun classificators
S displays more noun classificators than B.S. does. Basically,
S counts fifteen noun classificators when B.S. counts only eight. The charts
hereafter illustrate the statement.
a) S noun clssificators
|
Cl
|
N.P.
|
A.P.
|
D.P.
|
V.P.
|
O.I.
|
Examples
|
|
Cl1
|
mu-
ô-
|
mu-
mu-
|
yu-/u-
Yu-/u-
|
a-
a-
|
-mu-
-mu-
|
Mzee mzuri
ule anachoka. Nitamsaidia
Dada mzuri ule
anachoka. Ninampenda.
|
|
Cl2
|
wa-
|
wa-
|
wa-
|
wa-
|
-wa-
|
Wadada wazuri
wale wanaimba. Ninawapenda
|
|
Cl3
|
mu-
|
mu-
|
u-
|
u-
|
-u-
|
Mti mrefu
ule unaota. Nitautunza.
|
|
Cl4
|
mi-
|
mi-
|
i-
|
i-
|
-i-
|
Miti mirefu
ile inaota. Ninaipenda
|
|
Cl5
|
ji-
ô-
|
li-
li-
|
li-
li-
|
li-
li-
|
-li-
-li-
|
Jino lizuri
lile linauma. Nitaliongoa.
Tunda lizuri lile
linaota. Ninalipenda
|
|
Cl6
|
ma-
|
ma-
|
ya-
|
ya-
|
-ya-
|
Matunda mazuri
yale yanaota. Nitayatunza
|
|
Cl7
|
ki-
|
ki-
|
ki-
|
ki-
|
-ki-
|
Kisu kibaya
kile kinaumiza. Nitakitupa.
|
|
Cl8
|
vi-
|
vi-
|
vi-
|
vi-
|
-vi-
|
Visu vibaya
vile vinaumiza. Nitavitupa
|
|
Cl9
|
n-
|
n-
|
i-
|
i-
|
-i-
|
Ngombe nzuri
ile inagonjwa. Nitaitunza
|
|
Cl10
|
n-
|
n-
|
zi-
|
zi-
|
-zi-
|
Ngombe nzuri
zile zinagonjwa. Nitazitunza
|
|
Cl11
|
u-
|
mu-
|
u-
|
u-
|
-u-
|
Ubao mzuri
ule unangaa. Tunaupenda
|
|
Cl12
|
ku-
|
ku-
|
ku-
|
ku-
|
-ku-
|
Kuzaa kuzuri
kule kunapendeza.
Unakupenda.
|
|
Cl13
|
pa-
-ni
|
pa-
pa-
|
pa-
pa-
|
pa-
pa-
|
-pa-
-pa-
|
Pahali pazuri
pale panangaa. Unapapenda
Mezani parefu
pale panangaa. Unapapenda.
|
|
Cl14
|
-ni
|
ku-
|
ku-
|
ku-
|
-ku-
|
Sokoni kuzuri
kule kunangaa. Tutapafika
|
|
Cl15
|
-ni
|
mu-
|
mu-
|
mu-
|
-mu-
|
Nymbani mzuri
mle munangaa. Tutamuishi.
|
Source : Ruhekenya, J. (2006).
Class pairing
The class pairing in study here expresses the opposition
singular/plural.
Cl1/2: Mwalimu/waalimu Cl7/8: kiti/viti
Cl3/4: Mti/miti Cl9/10 : Ngombe/ngombe
Cl5/6 : Jiwe/mawe Cl11/10 : Ulimi/ndimi
b) B.S. noun classificators
Here is the chart I designed parting from the reality of
Bukavu Swahili:
|
Cl
|
N.P.
|
A.P.
|
D.P.
|
V.P.
|
O.I.
|
Examples
|
|
Cl1
|
mu-
ô-
|
mu-
mu-
|
u-
u-
|
a-
a-
|
-mu-
-mu-
|
Ule mutoto
muzuri anasimama. Ntamuona
Ule baba mubaya
anacheka.Ntamuita
|
|
Cl2
|
ba-
|
ba-
|
ba-
|
ba-
|
-ba-
|
Bale batoto
bazuri banasimama. Ntabaona
|
|
Cl3
|
mu-
li-
n-
ku-
bu-
ô-
|
|
i-
|
i-
|
-i-
|
Ile mumea ya muzuri
inapendeza. Sitaikata.
Ile litunda ya muzuri
inaoza. Ntaiongola
Ile mbuzi ya mukubwa
inakimbia. Ntaitafuta.
Ile kucheza muzuri
inafuraisha. Tunaipenda.
Ile burafiki ya muzuri
inapendeza. Sitaiacha.
Ile chemise ya muzuri
inakatika. Ntaitupa.
|
|
Cl4
|
(ma-)
|
|
-(z)i-
|
-(z)i-
|
-(z)i-
|
Ile (ma)mimea
zinapendeza. Stazikata.
Ile (ma)matunda
zinaoza. Ntaziongola.
Ile (ma)burafiiki
inapendeza. Sitaiacha.
Ile machemise
zinakatika. Ntazitupa.
|
|
Cl5
|
ki-
|
|
i-
|
i-
|
i-
|
Ile kitabu
inazeeka. Ntaitengeneza.
|
|
Cl6
|
(ma)bi-
|
|
(b)i-
|
bi-
|
-bi-
|
(B)ile (ma)bitabu
binazeeka. Ntabitengeneza.
|
|
Cl7
|
ku-
|
|
pa-/ku-
|
ku-
|
-pa-/-ako
|
Pa-/kule kusoko
kunangara.
Ntapafika/Ntafikako
|
|
Cl8
|
mu-
|
|
mu-
|
mu-
|
-amo
|
Mule munyumba munangara. Tutaishiamo.
|
|
|
|
|
Class pairing
|
|
Cl1/2 : mutoto/batoto
Cl3/4 : ngombe/ (ma)ngombe
Cl5/6 : kino/(ma)bino
| 
