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Optimism of Rwandan people and economic development of their country. Case study: ''Script-writer and drawer'' A.Z.C.

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par ZIRAGABA César ABIMANA
National University of Rwanda - Bachelor's degree in Economics 2009
  

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CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Introduction

An attempt is made to this chapter to review the existing literature that is relevant to the study under investigation. It also aims at familiarising with the work done by previous scholars and researchers on the specific topic under study. It presents optimism, economic development and Comic Strips (CS).

2.2. Optimism

Optimism is an inclination to put the most favorable construction upon actions and events or to anticipate the best possible outcome. It is the philosophical opposite of pessimism. Optimists generally believe that people and events are inherently good, so that most situations work out in the end for the best (Wikipedia 2009).

Alternatively, some optimists believe that regardless of the external world or situation, one should choose to feel good about it and make the most of it. This kind of optimism doesn't say anything about the quality of the external world; it's an internal optimism about one's own feelings.

A common conundrum illustrates optimism-versus-pessimism with the question, does one regard a given glass of water, filled to half its capacity, as half full or as half empty? Conventional wisdom expects optimists to reply, "Half full," and pessimists to respond, "Half empty" (assuming that "full" is considered good, and "empty", bad) (Wikipedia 2009).

Another paradox sometimes associated with optimism is that the only thing an optimist cannot view as positive is a pessimist. Pessimism, however, as it acts as a check to recklessness, may even then be viewed in a positive light.

However, over-optimism, naive optimism or strong optimism, is the overarching mental state wherein people believe that things will more likely to go well for them than go badly. Compare this with the tendency for people to overestimate the likelihood of good things happening rather than bad things.

Optimism bias is the demonstrated systematic tendency for people to be over-optimistic about the outcome of planned actions.

Personal optimism correlates strongly with self-esteem, with psychological well-being and with physical and mental health. Martin Seligman, in researching this area, criticizes academics for focusing too much on causes for pessimism and not enough on optimism (Scheier, Michael E et al. 1986).

2.3. Economic development

Economic development refers to increases in the standard of living of a nation's population associated with sustained growth from a simple, low-income economy to a modern, high-income economy. Its scope includes the process and policies by which a nation improves the economic, political, and social well-being of its people (Anne O. Krueger et al. 2009).

The term economic development typically refers to improvements in a variety of indicators such as literacy rates, life expectancy, and poverty rates. GDP is a specific measure of economic welfare that does not take into account important aspects such as leisure time, environmental quality, freedom, or social justice (Conteras R. 2009).

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