Memoire Online - Optimism of Rwandan people and economic development of their country. Case study: ''Script-writer and drawer'' A.Z.C.

Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Economics and Management as a partial fulfillment for the award of the Bachelor's Degree in Economics by the National University of Rwanda

DEDICATION

DECLARATION

I, César ABIMANA ZIRAGABA, hereby declare that this dissertation entitled ``Optimism of Rwandan people and economic development of their country. A case study of a `Script-writer and drawer' A.Z.C.'' is my own work and it has not been submitted anywhere for the award of any degree.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This work would have been a dream without invaluable contribution from various people.

It is on this note that I would wish to extend my sincere appreciations to my family for its unconditional love and full hand-help it rendered to me.

I am grateful to the National University of Rwanda (NUR) for its training during my academic studies.

ACRONYMS AND ABREVIATIONS

LIST OF TABLES

Table n° Title Pages

LIST OF PHOTOS

Photo n° Title Pages

LIST OF APPENDICES

ABSTRACT

The research work entitled ``Optimism of Rwandan people and economic development of their country. A case study of a script-writer and drawer A.Z.C.'' had the main objective to discover innovations in the artistic domain and therefore to show that the economic development is the fruit of knowledge.

2. The optimistic point of view helped the ``script-writer and drawer'' A.Z.C. to achieve his project of CS.

To verify the veracity of the hypotheses the dialectic approach was used. The study also used the documentary and investigation by questionnaire techniques. People under investigation (72 strata of 10 people each, by purposive sampling technique) have been met in the four former provinces of Rwanda (Butare, Gitarama, Kibuye and Ruhengeri) and the city of Kigali, from February 2004 to June 2004.

Research results showed that as 57.50% of the respondents are interested in this project of CS, the researcher deducted that in general it answers to the needs of the population and its author is not over-optimistic about the outcome of planned actions. Mostly, the Rwandan artists refuse to make such projects because they have fear of failure. So, their achievement requires the artist to think positively.

Concerning the main obstacles met in Rwanda during the conception and the realization of a long-term profitable project and needs external financing, 18.89% don't do so because they don't have intellectual capacity, 1.81% put in reason the level of life expectancy, 12.92% affirmed that they have been discouraged by the behaviors of those who should sustain them, 3.89% put in reason both the level of life expectancy and the discouragement caused by the behaviors of those who should sustain them and 62.50% affirmed that they don't meet any obstacle because they never spend their time thinking about it. So, doing a long-term profitable project in Rwanda requires the author to be optimist. These led to the acceptation of the hypotheses.

SOMMAIRE

Le travail de recherche intitulé « L'optimisme de la population rwandaise et le développement économique de ce pays. Analyse axée sur la contribution du scénariste et dessinateur A.Z.C. » avait l'objectif principal de faire découvrir des innovations dans le domaine artistique et par conséquent montrer que le développement est le fruit du savoir.

Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous avons formulé deux hypothèses : 1) Le développement économique du Rwanda exige l'optimisme de sa population. 2) Le fait d'être optimiste a permis le « scénariste et dessinateur » A.Z.C. de réaliser son projet de Bande dessinée.

Pour vérifier la véracité de nos hypothèses, nous avons dû recourir à une méthode dialectique ainsi qu'aux techniques documentaire et d'enquête par questionnaire. Les personnes auprès desquelles nous avons mené notre enquête (72 strates de 10 personnes chacune par la technique d'échantillonnage au choix raisonné) ont été rencontrées dans les quatre ex-provinces du Rwanda (Butare, Gitarama, Kibuye et Ruhengeri) et la ville de Kigali, de février 2004 en juin 2004.

Les résultats de la recherche ont permis de découvrir que vu que 57.50% des répondants sont intéressés par le projet de Bande dessinée en question, nous en déduisons qu'en général il répond aux besoins de la population et son auteur n'est pas un optimiste exagéré. Principalement, les artistes rwandais refusent de faire ce genre de projet parce qu'ils ont peur d'échec. Donc, sa mise en oeuvre exige que l'artiste pense positivement.

Quant à ce qui concerne la conception et la réalisation d'un projet rentable à long terme et qui demande des financements extérieurs, 18.89% des répondants ne le font pas parce qu'ils n'ont pas de capacité intellectuelle, 1.81% mettent en cause le niveau d'espérance de vie, 12.92% ont affirmé qu'ils ont été découragés par des comportements de ceux qui devraient les soutenir, 3.89% mettent en cause à la fois le niveau d'espérance de vie et le découragement causé par des comportements de ceux qui devraient les soutenir et 62.50% ont affirmé qu'ils ne rencontrent aucun obstacle parce qu'ils ne s'y aventurent jamais. Donc, faire un projet rentable à long terme au Rwanda exige que l'auteur soit optimiste. Tout ceci nous a permis de confirmer nos hypothèses de départ.

L'étude se clôture avec des recommandations et des suggestions pour des futures recherches.

INSHÂAMAKÊ

Uyu murimo w'ûbushaakashaatsi wiitwâ « Kubôna imbere hazâaza mu buryô bwiizâ kw'âbatuurarwaanda n'îteerambere ry'îgihûgu cyâabo. Isêseengura rifatîye ku gikorwâ cy'ûmuhiimbyi w'înkurû akaba n'ûmuhaânga mu gushushaanya A.Z.C » warî ufîte inteego nyamûkurû yô gushyîra ahagâragara ibikorwâ bishyâ mu rwêego rw'ûbuhaanzi, ibyo bigatuma hâgaragazwa ukuuntu iteerambere riturûka ku bumenyi bw'âbaantu.

Twiîhaaye kaândi ukurî nzîganyo gukurîkira: 1) Iteerambere ry'û Rwaanda risaba kô abatuûrage bâarwo babonâ imbere hazâaza mu buryô bwiizâ. 2) Ukubôna imbere hazâaza mu buryô bwiizâ byaâtumye umuhaanzi A.Z.C. ashôbora gukora umushinga w'înkurû zishushâanyije.

Kugira ngo tumenyê kô uko kurî nzîganyo arî impâmo, twiîfashiishije uburyô bw'îisêseengura buhiimbîtse, icukuumbura na ankeêti ikôrwa hîifashiishijwe urupapuro rw'îbibâzo. Abaâkozwehô ubushaakashaatsi (ibyiiciro 72 byaâtooranyijwemô abaantu 10 murî buri cyiiciro hâkurikijwe akamaro buri muuntu yaagirîra ubushaakashaatsi) twaâbasaanze mu ntâarâ zaa cyêera z'û Rwaanda (Butâre, Gitarâma, Kibuye na Ruheengeri) n'ûmugî wa Kîgalî, kuva murî Gashyâantâre kugeza murî Kamêna 2004.

Ibyaâgezwehô n'ûbushaakashaatsi byaâdufashije kubôna kô tûgeendeye ku kuuntu 57.50% by'âbaâbajijwe bashiishîkajwe n'uûwo mushiinga w'înkurû zishushâanyije, bituma twêemeza kô murî rusaânge ukenêwe kaândi n'ûwawûteekereje ntiyakâbije mu kubôna ibiintu mu buryô bwiizâ. Akeênshi, abahaanzi b'Âbanyarwaanda batiinya gukôra beêne uwo mushiinga kubêera gutîinya igihoombo. Ibi bikaba bîsaba kô umuhaanzi ubyîiyemeje abaanzâ gutêekereza imbere hazâaza mu buryô bwiizâ.

Ku birêebana n'îitêguurwa n'îishyîrwa mu bikorwâ ry'ûmushiinga ubyâara inyungû nyuma y'îgihe kireekire kaândi ukaba usâba inkûunga itûrutse haanzê, 18.89% by'âbaâbajijwe ntibabikôzwa kubêera kô badafitê ubumenyi buhaagîje, 1.81% biitwaaza kô ntâa cyiîzeere bafitê cyô kubahô igihe kireekire, 12.92% bavuga kô baâciiwe integê n'âbaâgoombaga kubâteera inkûunga, 3.89% bavuga izo mpaâmvu ebyiri zaa nyuma, 62.50% bô ntaa ngoôrane bahuurâ na zô kukô batiigîra bâbiteekerezahô. Ibi bituma dûhamya kô gukôra umushiinga ubyâara inyungû nyuma y'îgihe kireekire mu Rwaanda bisabâ kubaanza gutêekereza imbere mu buryô bwiizâ. Ibi byôose byaâtumye twêemeza kô ukurî nzîganyo ku kibâzo arî impâmo.

Dûsooza uyu murimo, twaâtaanze ibyîifuuzo byaafashâ kurushahô gutêeza imbere igihûgu.

CHAPTER 1

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background to the study

A number of scholars have suggested that, although optimism and pessimism might seem like opposites, in psychological terms they do not function in this way. Having more of one does not mean you have less of the other. The factors that reduce one do not necessarily increase the other. On many occasions in life we need both in equal supply.

Antonio Gramsci famously called for ``pessimism of the intellect, optimism of the will'': the one the spur to action, the other the resilience to believe that such action will result in meaningful change even in the face of adversity (Wikipedia 2009).

However, to take decisions that will have an impact in economic development of the country, the decision-makers need sometimes to be optimists.

In their broadest sense, policies of economic development encompass the area of job creation and retention through specific efforts in business finance, marketing, neighborhood development, small business development, business retention and expansion, technology transfer, and real estate development. This category is a primary focus of economic development professionals (Lewis F. Abbott 2003).

Anne O. Krueger et al. (2009) state that economic development refers to increases in the standard of living of a nation's population associated with sustained growth from a simple, low-income economy to a modern, high-income economy.Its scope includes the process and policies by which a nation improves the economic, political, and social well-being of its people.

1.2. Statement of the problem

Economic development, which is thus essentially economics on a social level, has evolved into a professional industry of highly specialized practitioners. The practitioners have two key roles: one is to provide leadership in policy-making, and the other is to administer policy, programs, and projects. Their role is to seek out new economic opportunities and retain their existing business wealth.

There is intense competition between communities, states, and nations for new economic development projects in today's globalized world, and the struggle to attract and retain business is further intensified by the use of many variations of economic incentives to the potential business (Lewis F. Abbott 2003).

Additionally, the use of community profiling tools and database templates to measure community assets versus other communities is also an important aspect of economic development. Job creation, economic output, and increase in taxable basis are the most common measurement tools. When considering measurement, too much emphasis has been placed on economic developers for not creating jobs. However, the reality is that economic developers do not typically create jobs, but facilitate the process for existing businesses and start-ups to do so. Therefore, the economic developer must make sure that there are sufficient economic development programs in place to assist the businesses achieve their goals.

One of under-developed countries' characteristics is that they like to live by aids coming from outside. They spend several millions of francs in conferences while pronouncing promising speeches but don't do nearly anything. Moreover, many have the badly targeted programs and false priorities that divert the rare funds from development promotion programs.

Rwanda is not away from these dishonoring traditions. It essentially lives by aids from foreign countries and a big number of development projects meets numerous obstacles so that it is necessary to be optimistic to think about achieving them.

Obstacles to the economic development of Rwanda are mainly social; the mindset of the population doesn't facilitate the innovation in various domains. From an artistic point of view, the problem is serious. The situation becomes even worse when one approaches the topic of Comic Strips (CS).

Therefore, the problem being investigated in this study is that an artist ``script-writer and drawer'' determined to turn his skills into business, had the opportunity to initiate a project of historical, satirical and half-realistic CS from American style, but met various obstacles. Some individuals get across the author's path, advancing the reasons that his project doesn't have any importance, others (with mistaken ideology) tell lies about Rwandans and assert that they are not mature enough to achieve such projects, others want merely to accentuate the bad culture of antagonism among Rwandan people.

Indeed, it is not about succeeding after crushing others, but to succeed all together. To be optimistic, it is what a large number of Rwandans misses to initiate the process of development.

The researcher, therefore, is interested in optimism of Rwandan people and economic development of their country taking the project of CS done by A.Z.C. as a case study.

1.3. Objectives of the study

The main objective of the study is to discover innovations in the artistic domain and therefore to show that the economic development is the fruit of knowledge.

In addition to the general objective, the specific objectives of the study are the following:

1.4. Research hypotheses

For purposes of data collection and analysis, the study was guided by the following hypotheses:

2. The optimistic point of view helped the ``script-writer and drawer'' A.Z.C. to achieve his project of CS.

1.5. Significance of the study

This study was undertaken in order to highlight the optimism of Rwandan people and economic development of their country. The researcher, therefore, suggested some solutions to problems hindering economic development of Rwanda.

1.6. Scope of the study

This study focuses on the CS album of the ``script-writer and drawer'' A.Z.C. It aims to show how innovation is the result of knowledge.

1.7. Organization of the study

The first chapter is made of the general introduction. It presents the background to the study, statement of the problem, objectives of the study, research hypotheses, significance of the study, scope of the study and the organisation of the study.

The second chapter is the literature review. It is concerned with related literature with reference to different sources of data. Definition of terms and any other related information to the subject matter of CS was notably reviewed.

The third chapter is the methodology. It explains why the researcher collected the data, the nature of the data collected, from where he collected the data, how he collected it and how he analysed it.

The fourth chapter focuses on the research findings, analysis and interpretation of data collected.

The fifth chapter presents the summary, conclusion and recommendations of the study.

CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Introduction

An attempt is made to this chapter to review the existing literature that is relevant to the study under investigation. It also aims at familiarising with the work done by previous scholars and researchers on the specific topic under study. It presents optimism, economic development and Comic Strips (CS).

2.2. Optimism

Optimism is an inclination to put the most favorable construction upon actions and events or to anticipate the best possible outcome. It is the philosophical opposite of pessimism. Optimists generally believe that people and events are inherently good, so that most situations work out in the end for the best (Wikipedia 2009).

Alternatively, some optimists believe that regardless of the external world or situation, one should choose to feel good about it and make the most of it. This kind of optimism doesn't say anything about the quality of the external world; it's an internal optimism about one's own feelings.

A common conundrum illustrates optimism-versus-pessimism with the question, does one regard a given glass of water, filled to half its capacity, as half full or as half empty? Conventional wisdom expects optimists to reply, "Half full," and pessimists to respond, "Half empty" (assuming that "full" is considered good, and "empty", bad) (Wikipedia 2009).

Another paradox sometimes associated with optimism is that the only thing an optimist cannot view as positive is a pessimist. Pessimism, however, as it acts as a check to recklessness, may even then be viewed in a positive light.

However, over-optimism, naive optimism or strong optimism, is the overarching mental state wherein people believe that things will more likely to go well for them than go badly. Compare this with the tendency for people to overestimate the likelihood of good things happening rather than bad things.

Optimism bias is the demonstrated systematic tendency for people to be over-optimistic about the outcome of planned actions.

Personal optimism correlates strongly with self-esteem, with psychological well-being and with physical and mental health. Martin Seligman, in researching this area, criticizes academics for focusing too much on causes for pessimism and not enough on optimism (Scheier, Michael E et al. 1986).

2.3. Economic development

Economic development refers to increases in the standard of living of a nation's population associated with sustained growth from a simple, low-income economy to a modern, high-income economy.Its scope includes the process and policies by which a nation improves the economic, political, and social well-being of its people (Anne O. Krueger et al. 2009).

The term economic development typically refers to improvements in a variety of indicators such as literacy rates, life expectancy, and poverty rates. GDP is a specific measure of economic welfare that does not take into account important aspects such as leisure time, environmental quality, freedom, or social justice (Conteras R. 2009).

2.4. Comic Strips

A Comic Strip (CS) is a sequence of cartoons that tells a story, often humorous, though adventures and soap opera-like dramas are also prevalent. They are written and drawn by a comic's artist or cartoonist, and many are published on a recurring basis in newspapers and on the Internet (Eisner, Will 2008).

The CS can be defined as a continuation of drawings relating a story. The CS is an art, often designated as the ninth art according to a set of articles (Henri Filippini 2005).

2.4.1. Anatomy of the CS

There is a certain number of words and definitions to describe the different elements of which are composed CS (Henri Filippini 2005):

Recitatives are panels generally situated very close to labels and serving to commentaries in «voice off», notably to give indications of time and place or to provide information allowing a better understanding of the action. The « stories in images » are characterized by the exclusive use of the recitative.

Bubbles, generally round, contain dialogues of characters to which they are connected. For thoughts or dreams they have often a shape of cloud.

Onomatopoeias are words or icons suggesting a noise, an action, a thought by phonetic, graphic imitation or iconic.

Slot is a picture or a label containing a drawing and generally framed. To note that a CS does not necessarily include a slot, in this case the slot confounds itself with the board.

Board is a superposition of strips, to note that a board is not inevitably constituted of strips and even some time of slots. In the beginning, the word board was reserved to the original document drawn by the author. This one often numbers discreetly his/her board in a corner of this one. The numbering of boards is not necessarily identical to the numbering of pages of the album in which they appear.

Album is a compilation of boards that tells an adventure. They can belong to the same series, to the same author, or to the same theme (collective albums). During golden age of pictorial, adventures of CS' heroes were published as series called « to be continued » published then in albums. Since the disappearance of strip magazines, drawn histories are almost published in all medias, magazines, weekly, daily, etc. before being published in albums.

Nowadays, histories are published directly in albums, this practice tends to become widespread. Series can be defined as a set of albums joined by a theme or a character, organized in a chronological way when history takes place all along the series.

2.4.2.

History of CS

Appeared in Switzerland in the beginning of years 1830 with the release of the first albums of Rodolphe Töpffer, the CS is distributed during the nineteenth century all over the world via magazines and satirical newspapers. Popularized at the end of this century in the American newspapers, the CS becomes then a medium of mass, enough varied in the United States, more and more restricted to the humor and children in Europe (Scott McCloud 1999).

Dominating the world childish press, via magazines specialized from years 1930, the CS also touched teenagers and some adults, concerning comic book and strips of qualities in the United States. From years 1950, it knew a third major development home when Japan starts creating some massively under the influence of Tezuka Osamu. The three homes are then relatively independent, so much in the published books than in the editorial structures, only the American home penetrating the two others (Scott McCloud 1999).

In years 1960, the CS begins to try to legitimize itself while leaving fields of the childhood. Creations of Jean-Claude Forest and the American underground drive to numerous discounts in question that permit the apparition of a first critical speech in Europe and in the United States. In years 1970, experimentations continue behind Moebius, while the claiming of the literary, more and more overt fatherhood, explode at the end of the decade (Scott McCloud 1999).

If the classic sets of entertainment always dominate markets at the end of years 2000, the CS explored since years 1980 all fields landed by the other narrative arts, and is seen more and more legitimized itself, in spite of the recurrent recriminations of its actors on the slowness of this recognition (Henri Filippini 2005).

2.4.2. Techniques of the CS

Although stages of the creation of a CS depend on artists and artworks, a general step can be advocated (Duc Bernard 1993):

· Script: detailed treatment of history. It specifies, board by board, the carving of the action, the position of characters, and presents dialogues;

· Graphic research: The drawer works to the general style. He/she creates the main characters and the environment in which they evolve. If the place and the time exist, or existed, a typographic and iconographic material research work is done. If the universe of history comes out from the author's imaginary, research are a lot more oriented toward the graphic design;

· Page setup: choice of points of view, justifications and the arrangement of labels in the board;

· Penciled: first draft of the drawing. From this stage work takes place generally on a bigger support (A2 format) than the one of the board printed (A4 format);

· Inking: operation consisting in redrawing with ink contours of penciled and shades in order to give to the drawing a definitive feature. At the end, only this tracing will be printed. Decors are also added and are positioned at the time of this stage. They are not always present, or then in a brief manner, in a penciled. Some authors ink directly on a penciled, that they eliminate then while erasing. Thus losing all traces of this stage. Others use a transparent tracing placed over a penciled;

· Color setup: operation that consists in choosing and apply the color to the different zones delimited by inked features (characters, decors, clothes), while respecting the continuity of colors in all boards. The colorist must also define lights and shades of the drawing. In the past the traditional color setup was made with the watercolors applied with the brush and the aerograph; nowadays it is done on computer by data processing. Colors are more and more achieved by professionals, colorists and sometimes by the drawer him/herself.

· Direct color: inking and color setup can be achieved at the same time, like painter's manner.

The graphic field is vast according to the technique used that goes from the first drawings engraved to the dry tip until the use of painting aerograph by certain authors such as Juan Gimenez. This last method (now often replaced by the infography) permits realizations that are visually like photos with the total elimination of the feature.

· Text setup: the text of dialogues and commentaries are inked while aligning it in spaces let to this effect at the time of board inking. The operation is repeated for every language in which history is published.

According to the work and the artist the same person can achieve all or a part of the work: script, drawing, inking. The most often work is shared between a script-writer and a drawer. Some more specific stages, as the text setup and the color setup, can be let to specialists.

Enki Bilal, for example, is a complete artist. Script-writer and drawer, he works with direct color. He has also the particularity to draw slots on the separated papers, what allows him to easily arrange them on the board (Duc Bernard 1993).

2.4.3. Place of CS in the society

Like the pop music or the detective novel, the CS knew the biggest pain to acquire a real recognition. First considered like a simple tool of entertainment intended to youth, the CS emancipated itself from its comic statute to the means of a new artistic expression. Some authors contributed extensively to this emancipation, such as Hugo Pratts (Henri Filippini 2005).

Let's notice however that, contrary to the movies (that benefited the fight led by the film-makers), the CS remained extensively unrecognized like fully-fledged art, and often view as the literature for illiterates and pre-teenagers. One can wonder in what measure the success of Franco-Belgian CS, Hergé (author of album Tintin) in head, didn't contribute to this state of fact, the public having kept only the lucid line and the humor, and forgotten the innumerable narrative possibilities achieved by this branch (Wikipedia 2009).

This feeling seems however less strong today. Thus, Vincent Bernière has written in 2008 that ``Defending the Japanese CS, or the CS in general, is a final fight''. He expresses thus with confidence his feeling that the time where the CS was considered like under-art is henceforth bygone (Wikipedia, 2009).

Whereas the CS evokes firstly an art of painters, being sold as the literature, more numerous are ties between movies and CS so much in the technique of realization than by the artistic means put in action, that has interpenetrated the two means of expression.

It is the same for the writing and the rhythm of history, the realization of decors, the use of angles of view (panoramic, diving, counter-diving, close plan, American plan... the drawing alone keeping the possibility to show the character taking support or leading on the side of the screen), mixing, lighting (with the electronic tools of creation or color setup now common to the two arts), the limitation of the visual field by the screen or the page, the vision 2D, the sound (subjective for the CS even though some authors such Cosey make musical accompaniment suggestions) with voice ``off'' assigned behind either to the actor, ellipses, returns and other games on the scale of the time,... But the drawer is master of his/her actors, doesn't need the budget for thousands of characters or difficult decors, and can redo his/her work without limit (Wikipedia 2009).

2.5. Summary

This chapter defined the concepts of optimism, economic development and CS. In regard of the notions about the CS, the researcher first of all gave different definitions according to different authors. He also explained how to make a CS, the anatomy of CS, the history of CS, techniques of CS and the place of CS in the society.

Mainly, the study found that first considered like a simple tool of entertainment intended to youth, the CS emancipated itself from its comic statute to the means of a new artistic expression.

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1. Introduction

This chapter concerns the overall approach to the research process, from the theoretical under pining to the collection and analysis of the data. The chapter explains why the researcher collected the data, the nature of the data collected, from where he collected the data, how he collected it and how he analysed it.

3.2. Case study

According to Larry B. Christensen (1991, 92), a case study is an intensive description and analysis of single individual, organization or events based on information obtained from a variety of sources of such as interviews, documents and questionnaires.

Therefore, the researcher picked out interest to carryout this research on CS and its role in economic development of the country. This is a descriptive and analytical study. It is descriptive because it describes the CS of a ``script-writer and drawer'' A.Z.C. It is analytical because the researcher has analysed the data obtained from selected respondents during research period.

3.3. Approach of the study

In this research, dialectical approach, which is the more complete and richest approach, leading to the explanation, was used. The researcher tried to clear changes brought by the CS in the Rwandan society.

3.4. Sources of data

3.4.1. Primary data

Primary data is said to be the first hand observation and investigation. People under investigation have been met in the four former provinces of Rwanda (Butare, Gitarama, Kibuye and Ruhengeri) and the city of Kigali. The first two provinces are currently localized in the Southern province, the third is in the Western province and the fourth is in the Northern province. This survey zone, chosen according to the researcher's budgetary constraint, allowed him to meet all the categories (72 strata) that compose the sample (720 selected respondents).

3.4.2. Secondary data

Already existing information both verbal and statistical on the subject matter were reviewed and analysed. Some documents concerning the study were consulted. Therefore, textbooks, dissertations, official and unofficial reports have been consulted. However, there are some documents accessed from Internet sources. The researcher used this source to get the information related to the role of CS in economic development of the country.

3.5. Population under study

According to Richard M. Grinnel Jr et al. (1990, 118) a population is a totalling of persons or objects within which a study is conducted.

The target population was composed of the Rwandan people, who were estimated to 8,3 millions in 2002.

3.6. Sample size and selection of respondents

The researcher determined the sample while basing on the socioeconomic criteria of people under investigation; therefore he took a stratified sample. In every stratum he took a sample of ten people by purposive sampling technique. Kenneth D. Bailey (1982: 83) explains purposive sampling as a method of sampling whereby the researcher uses his/her own judgment about which respondents to choose, and picks only those who best meet the purposes of the study.

So, the researcher divided the sample in several categories according to a person's age, his/her function, his/her level of education, his/her place of residence, the problematic ``refugee'' and how wars and genocide affected him/her. Then, he found 72 strata in which every citizen can be identified precisely (see appendix 7). Ceteris paribus, each category can influence people to react differently.

This means that the sample was composed by 720 individuals met in the four former provinces of Rwanda (Butare, Gitarama, Kibuye and Ruhengeri) and the city of Kigali. The first two provinces are currently localized in the Southern province, the third is in the Western province and the fourth is in the Northern province.

3.7. Data collection techniques

Data for this study were collected through documentary sources and a survey questionnaire.

3.7.1. Documentary sources

In the present research, review of published & unpublished documents and Internet sources relevant to the study were used.

3.7.2. Questionnaire

While elaborating the questionnaire, the researcher made an intellectual preparation, meaning that the idea of the investigation, the objective of the investigation, the criteria to keep and the limit of the investigation were his first preoccupation.

Before beginning the investigation, the researcher made a pre-investigation, which was carried out during a period of two months (from December 2003 until January 2004) and he took randomly a sample of twenty people.

The results of this pre-investigation showed that people didn't want to mention their names. Then, to permit them to reveal their real opinions the researcher excluded names in the identification of the respondent. It was also necessary to be near a person as he/she was answering to questions of the investigation, to provide him/her some supplementary information in case of need.

During the investigation (period of February 2004 to June 2004, that means five months), the researcher considered all remarks and suggestions received at the time of pre-investigation.

The sample has been met in the four former provinces of Rwanda (Butare, Gitarama, Kibuye and Ruhengeri) and the city of Kigali.

The questionnaire was composed by the introduction, the identification of the respondent and three half-open questions.

3.8. Data processing

Normally, data collected from respondents is in a row form, which is not easy to interpret and analyse for conclusions. Data processing is the transformation of respondents' views into meaningful text.

Therefore, time is a need to process it before proper analysis can be made. On this note, editing, coding and tabulating of the data were done in order to be able to handle it easily.

3.8.1. Editing

After the collection of data, editing to discover items that are misunderstood by the respondents was exercised. In case of unclear responses, the researcher proved more from the respondents so as to make them clear before taking them.

Editing was done to ensure completeness, accuracy, uniformity and legibility in questionnaire after data collection, the exercise inspection followed in order to discover items that were misunderstood by the respondents to detect gaps and other weaknesses in data collection methods.

3.8.2. Coding

Coding was used to summarise data by classifying the different responses given into categories for easy manipulation.

Coding was done to summarise data classifying different responses in categories that are easily understood by using percentages and frequencies on answers given by respondents from each category of the population studied.

3.8.3. Tabulation

In this study, after eliminating errors, codes were assigned to each answer. The spoliation of the questionnaire has been made using the computer with the software Excel in order to classify under various categories of information collected in terms of frequencies and percentages.

3.9. Data analysis

The researcher employed both quantitative and qualitative analysis. For the quantitative analysis, data collected were expressed in different tables. Qualitative analysis was used at the time when dealing with non-quantitative responses.

3.10. Hypothesis testing

The researcher used his research skills and knowledge to draw conclusions in relation to the research hypotheses. This was based on research findings.

3.11. Limitations of the study

During the period of investigation, some individuals were reluctant to answer the questions from the questionnaire of investigation but the researcher insisted and was sometimes obliged to give more explanations.

Technicality of the subject under study was yet another limitation to the researcher. Technical terms used in the questionnaire were not easily understandable not because they were poorly phrased but because respondents were not familiar to them.

The complexity of the sample and the remarkable hard work of the researcher caused a high controversy. After data collection and analysis, some individuals from teaching staff at NUR who were used to analyse simple research studies with very small sample size, showed scepticism towards the researcher. It was really a limitation on the side of the researcher that claimed most of his efforts not leaving financial resources.

CHAPTER IV

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.1. Introduction

In this chapter, the research endeavors to analyze the data, interpret it and present various findings. It has also an objective of measuring and providing the research questions whether valid or invalid. It presents the findings of the study and related information that was collected in relation with the research objectives and research questions. The data is presented in the form of statistical tables and percentages.

4.2. Author and his work

A self-made artist, A.Z.C., author of CS under study, was born in Gakenke District on 22^nd November, 1978. He successfully achieved his primary studies at Gakenke primary school (1985-1992), secondary studies at Janja secondary school (1992-1998) and university studies at National University of Rwanda/ Butare (1999-2004).

During his primary, secondary and university studies, this author spent most of his time leading different books. This enabled him to think imaginatively and he started trying to realize his. In the year 1997, he realized a preliminary CS. Its appreciation encouraged him to realize an album

of SC to be published and distributed all over the country, because a normally gifted mind that pursues closely a determined study must acquire infallibly a high expertise in this particular domain. This long-term profitable project began in the year 1999.

This group of finalized activities and actions undertaken in the goal to answer to a need defined in the fixed delays and in the limit of the budgetary envelope allocated, has been managed by the author. This means that he did a gait aiming to structure, to assure and to optimize the good progress of his sufficiently complex project to be planned in the time, to master and to pilot risks, to reach the level of quality wished and, finally, to follow some important operational and financial stakes.

The objective of the project has been specified in a lucid way, encoded and dated so that the result is compliant to norms of quality and performances predefined, for the least cost and in the best possible delay.

However, this complete artist (Script-writer and drawer), while working with direct colors he opted for the American style and achieved the historical, satirical and half-realistic CS. These CS are convenient for all categories of age.

The main character was chosen after consulting many people about his main characteristics. This main character is a soldier, strong man, self-confident and wearing sunglass covering the left eye. He is called CEAZI (pronounced like ``Charles'' in English).

While realizing some CS, the author did a typographic and iconographic material research work because the place and the time existed. On the other hand, the author was a lot more oriented toward the graphic design because the universe of history was coming out from his imaginary.

Avoiding the falsification of history, thinking about unity among Rwandan people and with the help of the fictional characters, the author has achieved the CS shown in the photo above. The following paragraphs permit to describe briefly each of them.

4.2.1. Ingamba z'abaganizi

The title of the work ``Ingamba z'abaganizi'' in kinyarwanda can be translated in English as ``Strategies of invincible men''. Indeed, in October 1990, Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA), a branch of Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF-INKOTANYI), movement founded from abroad by the refugees, attacked the country from Uganda (the liberation struggle).

In this book, few months after the beginning of fights in the North of Rwanda, RPA under the conduct of men with expeditious reflexes and strong nerves, in order to regain the respect of themselves and their dignity has pursued the offensives against the governmental army.

The main character was at that time a battalion commander from rebels positioned in the first lines on battlefield. Considering that the war had the tendency to last a long time, he retired in order to pursue more training in Vietnam. The men who were fighting for their liberty, for the liberty of their families and their people wondered after hearing about his decision.

4.2.2. Ifumba ry'ubufindo

The title of the book ``Ifumba ry'ubufindo'' in kinyarwanda can be translated in English as ``Ambiguous adventure''.

In April 1994, the Government of Rwanda in place at that time, considering that it was about to lose the war, started killing innocent people accused of complicity with RPF: The genocide against Tutsi. This genocide prepared by Hutu extremists entailed the death approximately of one million of people. Fortunately, RPA stopped genocide and ousted the government in July 1994.

In this book, an officer from the regular army was accused wrongly of complicity with RPF. So, his family has been slaughtered as he was on the battlefield against the rebellion.

Meanwhile, among the rebellion, there were commandos assigned the mission to lead operations behind enemy's lines with the objective to stop genocide and defeat killers. On the battlefield, the situation was catastrophic: The failure for governmental army in front of the danger obliged it to withdraw in stampedes. The book ends with the victory of RPF-INKOTANYI.

4.2.3. Umuti utazwi

The title of the book ``Umuti utazwi'' in kinyarwanda can be translated in English as ``Mysterious resolution''.

Just after the liberation struggle there was another war inside the country. This war had the main objective to annihilate terrorists and other individuals who attempted to destabilize the country.

In this book, a demobilized sergeant from the defeated army was acting as troublemaker in his region in spite of the presence of the local police and other secret agents from security services. Then, the commander-in-chief who plans the worse to be able to cope with, assigned one of his better officers the mission of annihilation ('seek and destroy' operation). Unfortunately, that operation had difficulty to accomplish its mission because it underestimated the enemy's strength.

4.2.4. Akaga mu Bukonya

The title of the book ``Akaga mu Bukonya'' in kinyarwanda can be translated in English like ``War disasters in Bukonya''.

Between 1995 and 1999, a number of soldiers from the defeated army who had taken refuge in former Zaïre, actually Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) came back in Rwanda and launched the war by means of infiltration, called the devastating guerrilla warfare. There were intense fights and the population from the Northwestern region of Rwanda paid the price atrociously. There were enormous human and material damages.

In this book, the main character were taking a well deserved rest in one of his residence in the region of Bukonya and the war surprised him without means to intervene and shared the suffering with the local population. This mountainous area almost isolated had become a safe heaven for rebels, then RPA launched large operations to defeat them.

The rebels' strategic adventurism caused desolation within the population. The two sides have used small and heavy weapons, but the RPA (the present RDF) had the monopoly on more sophisticated weapons, such as armored vehicles and fighting helicopters among others.

This war showed that the capacity of an army depends not only on the value of fighters, but also on the commanders' ability to coordinate their efforts.

4.2.5. Amasezerano y'urusobe

The title of the book ``Amasezerano y'urusobe'' in kinyarwanda can be translated in English as ``Problematical truce''.

In the year 1996, after considering that the country was threatened from outside, the Government of Rwanda decided to launch an offensive war and to track its enemy in DRC (former Zaïre). In few months, the rebellion sustained by Rwanda ousted the government of DRC. Unfortunately, there were misunderstandings between the new leaders of DRC and the Government of Rwanda. So, some Rwandans living in DRC were hunted. This led to the beginning of the second war between Rwanda and DRC.

In this book, Rwandans who had taken refuge in DRC continued military training and got ready to attack the country. Then, invisible RPA in possession of some strategic information preferred the offensive war to the defensive one and launched the war against DRC. Its experience in rebellion tactics helped in good commanding on the behalf of Rwanda during this new war.

During the second war between DRC and Rwanda by interposed rebellions, the Angolan and Zimbabwean troops' intervention stopped the Rwandan troops to advance toward Kinshasa for the second time. The truce between different parts in war permitted the foreign troops' withdrawal from the Congolese territory, but the war continued in the East of DRC between different armies and militias (proxy war).

4.2.6. Amahindu mu Ruhengeri

The title of the book ``Amahindu mu Ruhengeri'' in kinyarwanda can be translated in English as ``Torrential rains in Ruhengeri''.

With the support from the government of DRC, the Rwandan rebels resumed the war by infiltration in the year 2001. This war didn't last a long time because the population from the Northwestern region of Rwanda had dissociated themselves with rebels.

This book shows that during the war in the East of DRC, several thousands of Rwandan rebels simulated a diversion and, despite the presence of RPA in DRC, infiltrated Rwanda through the Northwestern region.

Then, the national army's supreme command, knowing that war's effort depends on the strategic situation, decided to mobilize quickly its troops and their narrow collaboration with the local population permitted the defeat of rebels in short time.

4.2.7. Isezererwa ry'ibisesereza

The title of the book ``Isezererwa ry'ibisesereza'' in kinyarwanda can be translated in English as ``The end of hate''.

Indeed, the problem of unity and reconciliation was serious among the Rwandan people after the war and the genocide perpetrated against Tutsi. This policy was not easily understood but, gradually, a large number of Rwandans began to realize the importance to live in harmony with neighbors.

In this book, the history is concentrated on two families that lived in the same village but hated each other too much. Even, parents prevented their children to speak each other. They realized later that their children didn't belong to them; in the past, the two women belonging to these families had delivered the same day in hospital and the nurse who helped them had committed a mistake to mix their children without identifying them previously.

Consequently, this situation allowed these families to put aside their hate. Here, the main character appears merely toward the end of the work without saying a word, but he was commented on by one of characters who tried to make others understand what really happened in recent history of Rwanda.

The analysis of these CS allowed the researcher to find out that the author tried to avoid some fanciful interpretations or politically oriented, knowing that to be incapable to justify facts put in stage, to substitute the fiction to the reality when one takes for conspicuous historic events plot, it is making the readers ridiculous, because among these last there are those that don't have any means to distinguish the things.

The CS (like the historic movies) inevitably mixes what happened, what could have happened and that was not probably ever happened. But, in this case, most details are exact and when they are not, there is often a rational explanation that minimizes the mistakes. The author forced himself to be able to justify facts put in stage while not depriving CS the intellectual depth that heightens the quality of the artwork.

4.3. Analysis and interpretation of data from survey questionnaire

This section deals with the analysis and interpretation of data collected from both qualitative and quantitative portions of the study.

Data collected was got from 720 individuals met in the four former provinces of Rwanda and the city of Kigali. The researcher determined the sample while basing on the socioeconomic criteria; therefore he took a stratified sample (72 strata). In every stratum he took a sample of ten people by purposive sampling technique.

The purpose of this study has been to test the hypotheses that the economic development of Rwanda requires the optimism of its population and the optimistic point of view helped the ``script-writer and drawer'' A.Z.C. to achieve his project of CS.

Therefore, this examines the empirical evidence and establishes the ground upon which the research hypotheses were tested to be proved valid or otherwise before a conclusion can be drawn.

Data were analysed using simple statistical methods, frequency tables showing response to particular questions were constructed and percentage response to the questions calculated. Interpretation of findings was based on percentage response to the questions.

4.3.1. Respondents' views on reading CS

In order to be able to draw correct conclusions, firstly the researcher asked questions to know if the respondent often reads the CS. The answers are shown in table 4.1.

Table 4.1 reveals that concerning the first question that was to know if a person often reads the CS, 14.72% of the respondents gave an affirmative answer. The 85.28% of the respondents don't often read the CS. This is not astonishing because the country is not economically developed enough to have artists producing sufficient CS or import them. Furthermore, the CS is often view in Rwanda as the literature for illiterates and pre-teenagers.

For the respondents that accepted that they often read the CS, the researcher was interested on how they acquire them. The answers are shown in table 4.2.

Table 4.2 reveals that 95.28% of respondents find the CS in the libraries that are in the vicinity or borrow them from their neighbors. The 4.72% that remain buy them in the bookstores.

Although a great number of respondents said that they borrow the books from libraries, it is not easy to find a library all over the country. Even the small number that has been accommodated for such activity is located only in towns. Those who buy the CS, even though they are few, don't find easily where to buy them because they are rare.

After considering that most of the respondents don't read the CS, the researcher asks them why. The answers are shown in table 4.3.

Table 4.3 shows that 35.69% of the respondents said that they like to read the CS, look for them but don't find any. The 14.01% of the respondents don't know what the CS is. The 49.19% think that the CS is a simple tool of entertainment intended to youth. The 1.11% simply said that the CS doesn't have any importance for them.

All these answers enabled the researcher to conclude that the CS are rare in general. Here, he admits that the market for the CS in Rwanda is too small. Even though there are several people who like the CS, rare are those who are able to buy them. The reasons of the rarity of the CS in Rwanda are mainly the laziness and the carelessness of Rwandan artists, associated with the disinterestedness of institutions assigned to promote the art and the Rwandan culture.

In reality, Rwandan artists (fine-artists) prefer paintings, which they sell to white people and other few individuals who have enough money to purchase them, because they are luxurious. So, they don't have enough time to make CS.

As the CS is one of the tools helping the population to attain a certain level of development in a creative way, their achievement requires the artist to think positively in order to clear all the obstacles shown above. Regardless of the external situation, the artist should choose to feel good about it and make the most of it (internal optimism about one's own feelings).

2.3.2. Respondents' views on the importance of the work of A.Z.C.

The researcher also wanted to know if, according to the respondent, the work of an artist A.Z.C. is very important in the esteem of the Rwandan people. The answers are exposed in table 4.4. If the answer was yes, the respondent was solicited to indicate the main factors that would contribute to depreciate this work. If no, say why.

Table 4.4 reveals that 57.50% of the respondents said that the work of A.Z.C. is important. The 42.50% of the respondents gave a negative answer.

For those who gave a positive answer, the researcher ask them what factors would push that work to loose its value. The answers are revealed in table 4.5.

Table 4.5. Respondents' views on factors that would push the work of A.Z.C. to loose its value

From table 4.5, it is leant that 54.59% of respondents stated that this work won't have any more value as objectors that have their way to see things oust the regime currently in place in Rwanda. The 5.56% stated that this work is without value if the author of these works made his project with the goal to become richer quickly.

The 1.93% stated that it is necessary to mistrust this author if he is impetuous. The 28.26% stated that this work doesn't have any value as long as these books are not published and distributed throughout the country. The 9.66% thought that this work will lose its value if the author of this project is not morally and financially sustained.

As stated above, all these answers show the main obstacles to be cleared by the project's inventor.

For those who stated that this project is not important, the researcher asked them why. The answers are revealed in table 4.6.

Table 4.6 shows that 49.67% of the respondents who said that this project is without importance stated that this work doesn't have any importance because the author wanted to make pleasure to one side from Rwandan people. The 5.88% affirmed that this work doesn't have any importance because, according to them, it doesn't solve any problem. The 39.87% affirmed that this work doesn't have any importance because it reminds them the dark and bloody days. The 4.58% affirmed that this work doesn't have any importance because it doesn't interest them at all.

For those who stated that this project is without importance because the author wanted to make pleasure to one side from Rwandan people, they are mistaken. It isn't really the case; it is merely the history.

Learning history through the CS, this evolution is unavoidable. The author weighed with care the credibility of facts and sources; he reviewed with impartiality the documents which he had and his essential criteria was the veracity, knowing that the improper history, disguised, deformed and brought back to the rank of the sensational can turn the ordinary people into mad one.

Most of the respondents who stated that this project is not important are either those who don't want to live together in peace with their neighbors, either those who know nothing about the CS, either those who aren't interested in the economic development of their country. So, it is on the duty of the author to prove the importance of his project using all possible means in his possession.

Considering that 57.50% of the respondents are interested in this project, the researcher deducted that in general it is needed. Those that affirmed that this work doesn't have any importance for different reasons, it is their right to have their own opinions but as long as the situation improves they will understand the role of this project in the economic development of Rwanda.

4.3.3. Respondents' views on obstacles met while doing the long-term profitable project

In order to verify the hypothesis stated that ``the economic development of Rwanda requires optimism of its people'', the researcher asked the question intending to identify the main obstacles personally met by the respondent during the conception and the realization of a long-term profitable project.

Table 4.7. Respondents' views on obstacles in doing long-term profitable project

Table 4.7 reveals that 18.89% of the respondents don't make any long-term profitable projects because they don't have intellectual capacity to do so. It is a pity for them and for the country. However, this doesn't prevent the researcher from affirming that this percentage is too small (doesn't reflect the reality) considering people that don't have intellectual capacity to make projects but don't want to unveil themselves.

The 1.81% of the respondents put in reason the level of life expectancy. It is a pretext to not make a project; the true problem is the ignorance.

The 12.92% of the respondents affirmed that they have been discouraged by the behaviors of those who should sustain them. On the one hand, there is a small number of those who have really been discouraged by the ignorance or discriminations from some decision-makers. On the other hand, either people submit the badly conceived projects, either the projects are not feasible, either, in consideration of the financial constraint, these projects are not in the important sectors.

Concerning the case n° 4, in which the researcher suggested the respondents to mention other major constraints that they meet during the conception and the realization of the long-term profitable projects, some of them stated that it is the lack of necessary investments, the others said that they are sure to 100% that if they make projects that ask for an external financing, they would be inevitably rejected. Then, they prefer to not waste their time. The researcher reacted while including those people in case n° 1: lack of intellectual capacity.

The 3.89% of the respondents put in reason both the level of life expectancy and the discouragement caused by behaviors of those that should sustain them. Those people are desperate; they look for all possible means to justify why they don't make any long-term profitable project.

The 62.50% of the respondents stated that they don't meet any obstacle. Among these, there are those who live in the comfortable families that don't need to make projects to live better, others prefer to remain as they are without making projects, no matter their living conditions.

4.4. Hypotheses testing

Data was collected from various sources, which the research study considered necessary. Through the analysis made, this shows several implications on the research objectives and the research questions respectively.

Through the research findings, it has been found that the market is too small for the CS in Rwanda. Even though there are several people who like the CS, rare are those that are able to buy them. The reasons of the rarity of the CS in our country are mainly the laziness and the carelessness of Rwandan artists, associated with the disinterestedness of institutions assigned to promote the art and the Rwandan culture. Mostly, the Rwandan artists refuse to make such projects because they have fear of failure. So, their achievement requires the artist to think positively.

Considering that 57.50% of the respondents are interested in this project of CS under study, the researcher deducted that in general it is needed in spite of all those obstacles and its author is not over-optimistic about the outcome of planned actions. This led to the acceptation of the hypothesis stated that ``the optimistic point of view helped the script-writer and drawer A.Z.C. to achieve his project of CS''.

Moreover, a note has been taken on the main obstacles met by Rwandan people during the conception and the realization of a long-term profitable project. The 18.89% of the respondents don't make any long-term profitable projects because they don't have intellectual capacity. The 1.81% put in reason the level of life expectancy. The 12.92% affirmed that they have been discouraged by the behaviors of those that should sustain them. The 3.89% put in reason both the level of life expectancy and the discouragement caused by behaviors of those that should sustain them. The 62.50% affirmed that they don't meet any obstacle.

So, doing a long-term profitable project in Rwanda requires the author to be optimistic. As long-term profitable projects direct to economic development of the country, the findings of the study led to the acceptation of the hypothesis stated that ``the economic development of Rwanda requires the optimism of its population''.

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1. Introduction

The main purpose of this chapter is to make a summary of the major findings of the research and draw conclusions based upon findings.

5.2. Summary of the study findings

Rwanda is classified among the poorest countries in the world. The reasons of this poverty are multiple but the problem becomes complex when one bends on the social data to pursue the process of development.

This work had the main objective to discover innovations in the artistic domain and therefore to show that the economic development is the fruit of the knowledge.

2. The optimistic point of view helped the ``script-writer and drawer'' A.Z.C. to achieve his project of CS.

To verify the hypotheses and to attain the fixed objectives, the dialectic approach was used. The researcher also used the documentary and survey by questionnaire techniques.

People under study have been met in the four former provinces of Rwanda (Butare, Gitarama, Kibuye and Ruhengeri) and the city of Kigali.

The sample was divided into 72 strata in which every citizen can be precisely identified. As in each stratum the researcher 10 respondents by purposive sampling technique, the total sample was composed by 720 individuals.

In order to know if a person often reads the CS, 14.72% of the respondents gave an affirmative answer. The 95.28% of these find them in the libraries that are in the vicinity or borrow them from their neighbors. The 4.72% that remain buy them in the bookstores. The 85.28% of the respondents don't often read the CS. The 35.69% of these said that they like to read the CS, look for them but don't find any. The 14.01% of the respondents don't know what the CS is. The 49.19% think that the CS is a simple tool of entertainment intended to youth. The 1.11% simply said that the CS doesn't have any importance for them.

Here, the researcher concluded that the market is too small for the CS in Rwanda. Even though there are several people who like the CS, rare are those that are able to buy them. The reasons of the rarity of the CS in our country are mainly the laziness and the carelessness of Rwandan artists, associated with the disinterestedness of institutions assigned to promote the art and the Rwandan culture.

Concerning the importance of the work done by a Rwandan artist A.Z.C., 57.50% of the respondents gave a positive answer. The 54.59% of these affirmed that this work would no longer have value if its enemies that have their way to see things oust the regime currently in place in Rwanda. The 5.56% affirmed that this work is without value if the author of these works made his project with the aim to become richer quickly. The 1.93% affirmed that it is necessary to mistrust this author if he is impetuous. The 28.26% affirmed that this work doesn't have a value as a long as these works are not published and distributed throughout the country. The 9.66% thought that this work will lose its value if the project promoter is not supported.

The 42.50% of the respondents stated that this work doesn't have any importance. The 49.67% of them stated that this work doesn't have any importance because the author showed complaisance toward one side of Rwandan people. The 5.88% stated that this work doesn't have any importance because, according to them, it doesn't solve any problem. The 39.87% stated that this work doesn't have any importance because it reminds them the dark and bloody days. The 4.58% stated that this work doesn't have any importance because it doesn't interest them at all.

Considering that 57.50% of the respondents are interested in this project, the researcher deducted that in general it is needed. Those that stated that this work doesn't have any importance for different reasons, it is their right to have their own opinions but as long as the situation improves they will understand the role of this project in the economic development of Rwanda.

In identifying the main obstacles met by the Rwandan people during the conception and the realization of a long-term profitable project, 18.89% of the respondents said that they don't make any long-term profitable projects because they don't have intellectual capacity.

The 12.92% of the respondents affirmed that they have been discouraged by the behaviors of those that should sustain them.

The 3.89% of the respondents put in reason both the level of life expectancy and the discouragement caused by behaviors of those that should sustain them.

5.3. Conclusion

In general, research results revealed that the market is too small for the CS in Rwanda. Even though there are several people who like the CS, rare are those that are able to buy them. The reasons of the rarity of the CS in our country are mainly the laziness and the carelessness of Rwandan artists, associated with the disinterestedness of institutions assigned to promote the art and the Rwandan culture. Mostly, the Rwandan artists refuse to make such projects because they have fear of failure.

Indeed, some artists who accept to make long-term profitable projects are optimistic persons. This has been proved in the hypothesis testing that the optimistic point of view helped the ``script-writer and drawer'' A.Z.C. to achieve his project of CS.

Moreover, a note has been taken on the main obstacles met by Rwandan people during the conception and the realization of a long-term profitable project. There are some who don't make any long-term profitable projects because they don't have intellectual capacity. Others put in reason the level of life expectancy. Others have been discouraged by the behaviors of those that should sustain them. There are also others who put in reason both the level of life expectancy and the discouragement caused by behaviors of those that should sustain them.

The study found out that long-term profitable projects direct to economic development of the country. In addition, doing a long-term profitable project in Rwanda requires the author to see things in optimistic manner. This has been proved in hypothesis testing that the economic development of Rwanda requires the optimism of its population.

5.4. Recommendations

The purpose of this section is to make recommendations on the way that the Rwandan citizens should participate actively in the economic development of their country.

Ø The State, without giving up its role of protector and referee, must let the individual's initiatives spread out extensively in the domain of economics;

Ø Intellectuals, with innovative ideas, must not only think about looking for jobs in the teaching career or in enterprises already existing, but also to create their own enterprises (mindset change);

Ø The Rwandan people must endeavor to think positively because the development of Rwanda is vowed to the failure if its population only views its negative image (the secret of success is being positive).

5.5. Suggestions for further researches

This study is not exhaustive. So, other researchers should shade light on what could be helpful to the optimism of Rwandan people and economic development of their country. Thus, further researches could be done on the following topics:

v Neo-colonialism as one of many factors hindering the economic development of under-developed countries. Rwanda as a case study.

v Arts and economic development. A comparative analysis between developed and under-developed countries taking Rwanda as an example.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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11. Kenneth Bailey D. 1982. Methods of social research. 2^nd edition. New York: Free press.

12. Larry Christensen B. 1991. Experimental methodology. 5^th edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

14. Richard M. Grinnel Jr et al. 1990. Research in social work. USA: Peacock publishers Inc.

15. Murenzi, J. 2001. Ethique et culture rwandaise. FSSEM. Butare: Unpublished.

16. Mutambuka, P.C. 2001. Principles of economics. FSSEM. Butare: Unpublished.

23. Scheier, Michael E et al. 1986. Dispositional Optimism and Physical Well-Being: The Influence of Generalized Outcome Expectancies on Health. Retrieved January 22. 2008. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com.x.

Ibibazo bya anketi ikorwa na Bwana ABIMANA ZIRAGABA César, umunyeshuri mu mwaka wa kane w'Ubukungu muri Kaminuza y'u Rwanda/ Butare, umwaka w'amashuri 2004, mu rwego rw'ubushakashatsi bukorwa n'abanyeshuri barangiza icyiciro cya kabiri cy'amasomo

Umuhanzi A.Z.C., umuhanga uzi gushushanya kandi akaba amenyereye n'ibintu byo guhimba inkuru, yamaze imyaka irenga itanu akora ubutaruhuka yandika ibitabo byinshi birimo inkuru zishushanyije bivuga ku ntambara zabaye mu Rwanda guhera mu w'i 1990 kugeza mu w'2001.

Uyu mushinga yawukoze nyuma yo gukora ubushakashatsi ku bahanzi bo mu bihugu byateye imbere maze akabona ko iki gikorwa ari ingirakamaro.

1. Abanyarwanda bari barahejejwe hanze y'igihugu cyabo bafashe icyemezo cyo gutaha ku ngufu mu w'i 1990 ni intwari z'igihugu.

2. Abahagaritse jenoside yabaye mu Rwanda mu w'i 1994 ni intwari zo kuratwa. Abakoze ayo mahano ni ibigwari: baratsinzwe kandi ntibateze kuzubura umutwe.

3. Abashoje intambara ya gicengezi (1995-1999, 2001) bari bibeshye kandi n'abandi batekereza nkabo ntaho bizabageza.

5. Icyemezo cyafashwe na Guverinima y'u Rwanda cyo gukurikirana abateza intugunda mu baturarwanda kugeza n'iyo bahungiye cyagiriye igihugu akamaro ku bijyanye n'umutekano.

7. Umutekano mu gihugu, imiyoborere myiza, ubusabane mu baturage, uburezi bujyanye n'igihe tugezemo, gukora cyane abantu bagerageza kwihangira imirimo, byose ni ibintu by'ibanze kugira ngo habeho iterambere ry'igihugu.

Uyu mushinga yawukoze ntacyo yishingikirije, abona ko ari igikorwa cy'ingirakamaro kizafasha mu guteza imbere imibereho myiza y'uwawukoze (umushinga) by'umwihariko, n'iterambere rirambye ry'igihugu muri rusange.

1. Nyuma yo kwimenyekanisha kandi wifashishije ibyo umaze kumenya ku muhanzi A.Z.C., subiza ibibazo bikurikira mu magambo make kandi yumvikana.

Kubera iki? -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

b. Mbese ku bwawe igikorwa cy'umuhanzi A.Z.C. gifite agaciro gakomeye mu maso y'Abanyarwanda?

Niba ari YEGO, gishobora guta agaciro bigenze bite? -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Niba ari OYA, kubera iki? -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

c. Inzitizi z'ingenzi uhura na zo mu gutegura no gushyira mu bikorwa umushinga ubyara inyungu nyuma y'igihe kirekire ni izihe?

4. Izindi (zivuge niba zihari): ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Questionnaire of investigation elaborated by Mr. ABIMANA ZIRAGABA Caesar, studying in Bacc. IV Economics at the NUR/ Butare, academic year 2004, in order to obtain a Bachelor's degree in Economics

The artist A.Z.C., «script-writer and drawer», has made a project of Comic Strips that summarize the situation of Rwandan people since the war of 1990 until 2001. He spent more than five years preparing his project, the result of his research, with the aim to promote the Comic Strips, referencing himself to the works of different artists from developed countries.

1. The Rwandan refugees who were refused their rights to peacefully come back to their country of origin and took the initiative to come back by force in 1990 are national heroes.

2. The brave people that stopped the genocide of 1994 are heroes. The authors of the genocide are cowards, they have been defeated and won't have the opportunity to resume anymore.

3. The assailants that provoked the war of infiltration in Rwanda (1995-1999, 2001) were mistaken in their reasoning. So do the partisans of their ideology.

4. Problems don't miss in the daily life and there is a diversity of solutions to these problems.

5. The initiative taken by the Rwandan Government to track trouble makers until outside the Rwanda borders was a beneficial fact for the national security.

6. The national unity is an essential condition for the prosperity of the Rwandan economy.

7. The national security, the good governance, the national concord, the love of work leading to self-employment, the education adjusted to the present international norms, all constitute a strong basis in the process of development.

In his optimism, the inventor of this project was thinking about the sustainable development of his country in general and the improvement of his living conditions in particular.

1. After your identification and in consideration of what you have just known about an artist A.Z.C., please answer briefly and precisely to the following questions.

Why? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

b. According to you, is the work of an artist A.Z.C. very important in the esteem of Rwandan people?

If YES, what are the main factors that would contribute to its lack of value ?-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

If NO, why? ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

c. What are the main obstacles met during the conception and the realization of the long-term profitable project?

4. Others (mention them if any) :--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

N°	Function	Age (years)	Problematic ``refugee''	Problematic ``war and genocide''
1	Simple peasant	Under 25	Never took refuge	War disasters and genocide didn't directly affect him/her
2	Simple peasant	Under 25	Never took refuge	Genocide survivor
3	Simple peasant	Under 25	Never took refuge	Victim of war disasters
4	Simple peasant	Under 25	Have taken refuge because of genocide	Genocide survivor
5	Simple peasant	Under 25	Have taken refuge because of genocide	Victim of war disasters
6	Simple peasant	Under 25	Have taken refuge because of the war	Victim of war disasters
7	Simple peasant	25 and more	Never took refuge	War disasters and genocide didn't directly affect him/her
8	Simple peasant	25 and more	Never took refuge	Genocide survivor
9	Simple peasant	25 and more	Never took refuge	Victim of war disasters
10	Simple peasant	25 and more	Have taken refuge because of genocide	Genocide survivor
11	Simple peasant	25 and more	Have taken refuge because of genocide	Victim of war disasters
12	Simple peasant	25 and more	Have taken refuge because of the war	Victim of war disasters
13	Unemployed person	Under 25	Never took refuge	War disasters and genocide didn't directly affect him/her
14	Unemployed person	Under 25	Never took refuge	Genocide survivor
15	Unemployed person	Under 25	Never took refuge	Victim of war disasters
16	Unemployed person	Under 25	Have taken refuge because of genocide	Genocide survivor
17	Unemployed person	Under 25	Have taken refuge because of genocide	Victim of war disasters
18	Unemployed person	Under 25	Have taken refuge because of the war	Victim of war disasters
19	Unemployed person	25 and more	Never took refuge	War disasters and genocide didn't directly affect him/her
20	Unemployed person	25 and more	Never took refuge	Genocide survivor
21	Unemployed person	25 and more	Never took refuge	Victim of war disasters
22	Unemployed person	25 and more	Have taken refuge because of genocide	Genocide survivor
23	Unemployed person	25 and more	Have taken refuge because of genocide	Victim of war disasters
24	Unemployed person	25 and more	Have taken refuge because of the war	Victim of war disasters
25	Private agent	Under 25	Never took refuge	War disasters and genocide didn't directly affect him/her
26	Private agent	Under 25	Never took refuge	Genocide survivor
27	Private agent	Under 25	Never took refuge	Victim of war disasters
28	Private agent	Under 25	Have taken refuge because of genocide	Genocide survivor
29	Private agent	Under 25	Have taken refuge because of genocide	Victim of war disasters
30	Private agent	Under 25	Have taken refuge because of the war	Victim of war disasters
31	Private agent	25 and more	Never took refuge	War disasters and genocide didn't directly affect him/her
32	Private agent	25 and more	Never took refuge	Genocide survivor
33	Private agent	25 and more	Never took refuge	Victim of war disasters
34	Private agent	25 and more	Have taken refuge because of genocide	Genocide survivor
35	Private agent	25 and more	Have taken refuge because of genocide	Victim of war disasters
36	Private agent	25 and more	Have taken refuge because of the war	Victim of war disasters
37	State agent	Under 25	Never took refuge	War disasters and genocide didn't directly affect him/her
38	State agent	Under 25	Never took refuge	Genocide survivor
39	State agent	Under 25	Never took refuge	Victim of war disasters
40	State agent	Under 25	Have taken refuge because of genocide	Genocide survivor
41	State agent	Under 25	Have taken refuge because of genocide	Victim of war disasters
42	State agent	Under 25	Have taken refuge because of the war	Victim of war disasters
43	State agent	25 and more	Never took refuge	War disasters and genocide didn't directly affect him/her
44	State agent	25 and more	Never took refuge	Genocide survivor
45	State agent	25 and more	Never took refuge	Victim of war disasters
46	State agent	25 and more	Have taken refuge because of genocide	Genocide survivor
47	State agent	25 and more	Have taken refuge because of genocide	Victim of war disasters
48	State agent	25 and more	Have taken refuge because of the war	Victim of war disasters
49	Student : primary	Under 25	Never took refuge	War disasters and genocide didn't directly affect him/her
50	Student : primary	Under 25	Never took refuge	Genocide survivor
51	Student : primary	Under 25	Never took refuge	Victim of war disasters
52	Student : primary	Under 25	Have taken refuge because of genocide	Genocide survivor
53	Student : primary	Under 25	Have taken refuge because of genocide	Victim of war disasters
54	Student : primary	Under 25	Have taken refuge because of the war	Victim of war disasters
55	Student : secondary	Under 25	Never took refuge	War disasters and genocide didn't directly affect him/her
56	Student : secondary	Under 25	Never took refuge	Genocide survivor
57	Student : secondary	Under 25	Never took refuge	Victim of war disasters
58	Student : secondary	Under 25	Have taken refuge because of genocide	Genocide survivor
59	Student : secondary	Under 25	Have taken refuge because of genocide	Victim of war disasters
60	Student : secondary	Under 25	Have taken refuge because of the war	Victim of war disasters
61	Student : superior	Under 25	Never took refuge	War disasters and genocide didn't directly affect him/her
62	Student : superior	Under 25	Never took refuge	Genocide survivor
63	Student : superior	Under 25	Never took refuge	Victim of war disasters
64	Student : superior	Under 25	Have taken refuge because of genocide	Genocide survivor
65	Student : superior	Under 25	Have taken refuge because of genocide	Victim of war disasters
66	Student : superior	Under 25	Have taken refuge because of the war	Victim of war disasters
67	Student : superior	25 and more	Never took refuge	War disasters and genocide didn't directly affect him/her
68	Student : superior	25 and more	Never took refuge	Genocide survivor
69	Student : superior	25 and more	Never took refuge	Victim of war disasters
70	Student : superior	25 and more	Have taken refuge because of genocide	Genocide survivor
71	Student : superior	25 and more	Have taken refuge because of genocide	Victim of war disasters
72	Student : superior	25 and more	Have taken refuge because of the war	Victim of war disasters

Optimism of Rwandan people and economic development of their country. Case study: ''Script-writer and drawer'' A.Z.C.

DEDICATION

DECLARATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACRONYMS AND ABREVIATIONS

LIST OF TABLES

Table n° Title Pages

LIST OF PHOTOS

Photo n° Title Pages

LIST OF APPENDICES

ABSTRACT

SOMMAIRE

INSHÂAMAKÊ

CHAPTER 1

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background to the study

1.2. Statement of the problem

1.3. Objectives of the study

1.4. Research hypotheses

1.5. Significance of the study

1.6. Scope of the study

1.7. Organization of the study

CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Introduction

2.2. Optimism

2.3. Economic development

2.4. Comic Strips

2.4.1. Anatomy of the CS

2.4.2. History of CS

2.4.2. Techniques of the CS

2.4.3. Place of CS in the society

2.5. Summary

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1. Introduction

3.2. Case study

3.3. Approach of the study

3.4. Sources of data

3.4.1. Primary data

3.4.2. Secondary data

3.5. Population under study

3.6. Sample size and selection of respondents

3.7. Data collection techniques

3.7.1. Documentary sources

3.7.2. Questionnaire

3.8. Data processing

3.8.1. Editing

3.8.2. Coding

3.8.3. Tabulation

3.9. Data analysis

3.10. Hypothesis testing

3.11. Limitations of the study

CHAPTER IV

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.1. Introduction

4.2. Author and his work

4.2.1. Ingamba z'abaganizi

4.2.2. Ifumba ry'ubufindo

4.2.3. Umuti utazwi

4.2.4. Akaga mu Bukonya

4.2.5. Amasezerano y'urusobe

4.2.6. Amahindu mu Ruhengeri

4.2.7. Isezererwa ry'ibisesereza

4.3. Analysis and interpretation of data from survey questionnaire

4.3.1. Respondents' views on reading CS

2.3.2. Respondents' views on the importance of the work of A.Z.C.

4.3.3. Respondents' views on obstacles met while doing the long-term profitable project

4.4. Hypotheses testing

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1. Introduction

5.2. Summary of the study findings

5.3. Conclusion

5.4. Recommendations

5.5. Suggestions for further researches

BIBLIOGRAPHY