6. Conclusion
In this work on the relation between the governance and the
economic growth, we initially showed that the governance is a concept which
does not have a clear consensus of what it consists of and which it is a
concept difficult to define and to measure. In the second time, we showed
through the existing literature that good governance is presented, during these
last years, like a very significant element in the determination of the longrun
economic performances. We also showed through the existing literature that the
elements of good governance offer an environment favourable for capital
accumulation and later on for economic growth. That was confirmed in our
empirical study which enabled us to show the existence of a close link between
the quality of governance and
economic growth for 96 countries between 1996 and 2003. Our
principal empirical results suggest that the quality of governance, under its
various aspects, is presented in the form of a relevant factor for the economic
growth.
A limit which we can attribute to our work is the use of the
indicators of governance without taking their limits into account. Indeed, the
indicators of governance are based on perceptions and are determined by
subjective opinions. Moreover, the absence of a subjacent conceptual framework
or governance theory to identify the causes of the results of the governance
reflected in the indicators, lacks clearness about the reasons for which such
country obtains such result for such indicator. It is thus paradoxical that the
financial backers and the investors judge and sometimes punish the developing
countries for an absence perceived of transparent governance on the basis of so
complex indicators.
Bibliographie
Acemoglu D., Johnson S. & Robinson J., «Institutions as
the Fundamental Cause of Long-Run Growth», NBER Working Paper 10481
(2004).
AL-Marhubi F., «The Determinants of Governance: A
Cross-Country Analysis», Contemporary Economic Policy, 2:3 (2004),
394-406.
Alesina A. & Perotti R., «Political Instability and
Economic growth», Journal of Economic Growth, (1996).
Arndt C. & Oman C. « Les indicateurs de gouvernance:
Usages et Abus», Centre de développement de l'organisation de
coopération et de développement économique, OCDE
(2006).
Aron J., «Growth and Institutions: A Review of the
Evidence», The World Bank Research Observer, 15:1 (2000),
99-135.
Barro R., «Economic Growth in a Cross-Section of
Countries», Quarterly Journal of Economics 106 (1991),
407-443.
Barro R., «Democracy and Growth», Journal of
Economic Growth, 1:1 (1996), 1-27. Barro R., «Determinants of
Economic Growth, A Cross Country Empirical Study», MIT Press,
Cambridge, MA (1997).
Cannet R., «Qu'est ce que la gouvernance?»,
Conférence prononcée dans le cadre du Séminaire : Les
nouveaux modes de gouvernance et la place de la société civile,
organisé par le Service aux collectivités de l'UQAM,
Montréal, Ecomusée du fier monde (2004).
Chtourou N & Feki R., «Analyse de la Gouvernance et
de son impact sur la Croissance : Cas des Pays Partenaires de la
Méditerranée». A paraître dans la Revue Canadienne
d'Etudes du Développement, Université d'Ottawa, Canada
(2004).
Clague C., Keefer P., Knack S & Olson M.,
«Contract-Intensive Money: Contrast Enforcement, Property Rights, and
Economic Performance », Journal of Economic Growth, 4(2)
(1996).
Demetriades, P. & Law S. H., (2006) «Finance,
institutions and economic development» International Journal of
Finance & Economics, 11:3 (2006),
245-2 60.
Easterly W. & Levine R., «Tropics, Germs, and Crops:
How Endowments Affect Economic Development», NBER Working Paper 9106,
National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass (2002).
Grier K-B & Tullock G (19989) «An Empirical Analysis
of Cross-National Economic Growth, 1951-80», Journal of Monetary
Economics, vol. 24, 259-76.
Hall R E & Jones CH I (1999), «Why do some countries
produce some much more output per worker than others?», The Quarterly
Journal of Economics, Février 1999.
Helliwell J., «Empirical Linkages Between Democracy and
Economic Growth», British Journal of Political Science, 24 (1994),
225-248.
Hewitt de Alcantara, «Du bon usage du concept de
gouvernance», Revue internationale des sciences sociales (RISS) 1 55
(1998).
Isham, J, Kaufmann D & Lant P., «Civil liberties,
democracy, and the performance of government projects», World Bank
Economic Review, 11:2 (1997), 2 19-242.
Jutting J. (2003), «Institutions and Development: A Critical
Review», Working Papers N°2 10, OECD Development Center
(2003).
Kaufmann D. & Kraay A., «Aggregation Governance
Indicators», Policy Research Working Paper 2195, World Bank, Policy
Research Department, Washington, D.C, (1999).
Kaufmann D., Kraay A. & Zoido-Lobaton P., «Governance
Matters», World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 2196
(1999).
Kaufmann D., Kraay A. & Mastruzzi M., «Governance
Matters III, Governance
Indicators for 1996-2002», World Bank, Washington, D.C.
Processed (2004). Knack S. & Keefer P., «Institutions and
Economic Performance: cross country
test using alternative International measures»,
Economics and Politics, 7(3)
(1995), 207-22 7.
Knack S., «Governance and Growth: Measurement and
Evidence», Forum Series on the Role of Institutions in Promoting Economic
Growth, IRIS, Washington, D.C. (2002).
Kormendi, R.C., and P.G. Meguire, «Macroeconomic
Determinants of Growth:
Cross-Country evidence,» Journal of
Monetary Economics, 141-163 (1985).
Law S. H. & Demetriades P., «Finance, Institutions and
Economic Growth», International Journal of Finance & Economics,
vol. 11(3) (2006), 245-260.
Londregan J-B & Poole K-T, «The Seizure of Executive
Power and Economic Growth: Some Additional Evidence», Political
Economy, Growth and Business Cycles, Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press (1992).
Mankiw, N Gregory & Romer, David & Weil, David N.,
"A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth," The Quarterly
Journal of Economics, MIT Press, 107(2) (1992), 407-3 7.
Mauro P., «Corruption and Growth», Quarterly
Journal of Economics 11(3) (1995). Mauro P., «The Effects of
Corruption on Growth Investment and Expenditure:
A Cross-Country Analysis», in Kimberly Ann Elliot,
Corruption and the Global
Economy, Washington DC, Institute for International Economics
(1995).
North D., «Institution, Institutional Change, and Economic
performance»,
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press (1999).
Rodrik D., «Institutions for High-Quality Growth: What
They Are and How to Acquire them», Harvard University, Paper prepared
for the International Monetary Fund Conference on Second-G eneration Reforms,
Washington, DC (1999).
Rodrik D., Subramanian A. & Trebbi F., «Institutions
Rule: The Primacy of Institutions over Geography and Integration in Economic
Development», NBER Working Paper 9305. National Bureau of Economic
Research, Cambridge, Mass (2002).
Scully G., «The Institutional Framework and Economic
Development», Journal of Political Economy (1988).
Svensson J., «Investment, Property Rights and Political
Instability- Theory and Evidence», European Economic Review (1998).
Tanzi V., «The role of The State and The Quality of The
Public Sector», IMF Working Paper/00/36 (2000).
Wei S-J, «How Taxing is Corruption on International
Investors?», Review of Economics and Statistics (2000).
World Bank, World Development Report (2002): Building
Institutions for Markets. New York: Oxford University Press.
World Economic Survey, «Diverging Growth and
development», Nation Unis, Development Policy and Analysis Division
(2006).
| 
