Memoire Online - The sociological study on environmental conservation as a means of achieving sustainable development in rural areas in Rwanda

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF RWANDA
FACULTY OF ARTS MEDIA AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
OPTION OF SOCIOLOGY
ACADEMIC YEAR 2011

THE SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY ON ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION AS MEANS OF ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN RURAL AREAS IN RWANDA.

A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Arts Media and Social Sciences Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of Bachelor?s Degree in Sociology

DECLARATION

I, Vianney NSANGANIRA declare that to best of my knowledge, the research work presented in this dissertation is my original. None has presented it in the National University or elsewhere for any award. Where the work of other individuals was consulted, were indicated in the references.

DEDICATION

To my Almighty God
To my beloved parents
To my brothers, Fabien IRAGUHA, Claude KALISA
and Jacques IRAKIZA
To my sister Josiane BAYISENGE
To my Aunt Asnathy NAKURE
To My Friends Faustin TWAGIRAYEZU and Abraham UWARIRAYE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to extend my sincere gratitude and consideration to those who supported me directly or indirectly in carrying out this research.

First and foremost I thank God Almighty for providing me grace and wisdom to complete this dissertation. I would like to express my sincere and heartfelt thanks to my father and mother.

I would like to express my sincere consideration to the government of Rwanda via N.U.R for sponsorship awarded to me in every aspect as far as academic issues is concerned benefited during the last four years, my education became a quality-based knowledge to the best of their capacity.

Never can I forget my Supervisor, Madam. Béatha MUKAMURENZI whose supervision, criticisms and guidance were so much empowering, even though she was very occupied by different academic activities, but she accepted to bear the responsibility of taking over with her generous heart during the course of this dissertation; I owe her profound appreciation.

Special thanks go to my fellow students and friends for their limitless love during my study. May GOD, the Almighty bless us all.

2.2.1. Necessary conditions for the population implication in environmental conservation

2.2.2.3.1. Integration of environmental conservation in agricultural sector for sustainable development 22
2.2.2.3.2. Integration of environmental conservation in the commerce for sustainable

2.2.2.3.3. Integration of environmental conservation into economic growth for sustainable development 24

2.2.2.3.4. The integration environmental conservation in local government for sustainable development 24

CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF THE FINDINGS 35

4.3.1 Respondents? views on the understanding of environmental conservation and sustainable development in their area. 37
4.3.2. Respondents? views on the impact of environmental conservation for sustainable

4.3.3. Respondents? views on the activities developed through the presence of NNP. 40

4.3.4. Respondents? views on how environmental conservation maintains sustainable development in rural areas. 41

4.3.7. Respondents views about how local populations were allowed in the participation of environmental activities. 44
4.3.8. Respondents? views around the Nyungwe National Park on how their economic

development changed. 45
4.3.9. Respondents? views on environmental policy and its importance to Rwandan rural

4.2.11. The linkage between environmental conservation and sustainable development of rural areas. 48

4.4. Qualitative analysis of the data got from the interview with the local leaders of Kitabi

sector. 49
4.4.1. The role played by the local leaders in environmental conservation for achieving

sustainable development in rural areas. 49
4.2.2. Respondents? views on how environmental conservation could be best implemented

and lead to sustainable development in rural areas. 50
4.4.3. Suggested recommendations by the respondents for better environmental conservation

CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH 53

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.5: Respondents views on the impact of environmental conservation to sustainable

Table 4.6: Respondents? views on the activities developed through the presence of NNP 40

Table 4.7:Respondents?views on how environmental conservation maintain sustainable

Table 4.10: Respondent?s views about how local population was been allowed in the

participation of environmental conservation. 44
Table 4.11: Respondents? views around the Nyungwe National Park about their economic

development changes 45
Table 4.12: Respondents? views on environmental policy and its importance to Rwandan rural

Table 4.14: The respondent?s views about the linkage between environmental conservation and sustainable development of rural areas 48

ABSTRACT

The study is entitled «the sociological study on environmental conservation as a means of achieving sustainable development in rural areas in Rwanda». Case study of Kitabi sector/Nyamagabe District. It was in line with the formulated hypothesis that «the environmental conservation is a real basis of achieving sustainable development to the rural areas in Kitabi sector.

The main objective of this study is to identify the condition which environmental conservation can lead to the sustainable development especially in rural areas. For data collection, qualitative method was used and techniques like questionnaires were addressed to the local population, interview was used for local leaders and observation.

Responses and views were obtained from a total of 24 respondents were analyzed and interpreted. Basing on the hypothesis, the researcher found that there is a link between environmental conservation and sustainable development of rural areas especially in Kitabi sector where the majority depend on. From the findings of this research, it could be concluded that both local leaders and population of Kitabi sector play a great role on the conservation of environment to enhance the sustainable development of rural areas.

Even though the local leaders showed the tireless work to make sure the environmental conservation practices are being implemented for they are not functioning very well at grassroots levels. That is why recommendations were been suggested for better implementation.

Finally it is obvious to note that basing on the findings outlined above, the research hypothesis has been confirmed to be valid. It means the environmental conservation could a tool for sustainable development especially in rural areas.

INSHAMAKE

Ubushakashatsi bwitwa»ubushakashatsi ku kurengera ibidukikije nkuburyo bwokugera kwiterambere rirambye mu byaro byo mu Rwanda».Umwihariko w?ubushakashatsi n?umurenge wa Kitabi /Akarere ka Nyamagabe.Ni muri ubu buryo ubushakashatsi bushingiye ku gisubizo cyagateganyo kigomba gushakirwa ukuri aricyo,kurengera ibidukikije n?inshingiro ry?iterambere rirambye mu byaro mu murenge wa Kitabi.

Intego nkuru y?ubushakashatsi n?ukugaragaza uburyo kurengera ibidukikije bishobora kugera kwiterambere rirambye by?umwihariko mu byaro.Mukwegeranya amakuru hakoreshejwe tekinike y?ibibazo byanditse byagenewe abaturage b?umurenge wa Kitabi ndetse n?ibibazo biteguwe kuburyo bw?ikiganiro byagenewe abayobozi b?umurenge.

Mugukora ubushakashatsi hitawe kubisubizo n?ibitekerezo by?abantu 24 babajijwe bahagarariye abaturage bose kandi birasesengurwa kuburyo bwimbitse.ugendeye ku gisubizo cya gateganyo cy?ubushakashatsi,umushakashatsi yabonye ko hari isano hagati yo kurengera ibidukikije n?iterambere rirambye mu byaro by?umwihariko mu murenge wa Kitabi aho umubare munini ubishingiyeho byagaragaye ko k?ubufatanye bw?abayobozi b?ibanze n?abaturage bagira uruhare mu kurengera ibidukikije bityo bikaba imbarutso y?iterambere rirambye mu byaro.

Nubwo bigaragara ko abayobozi bagira uruhare mu kurengera ibidukikije haracyariho inzitizi mu gushyirwa mu bikorwa kunzego z?ibanze.Ninayo mpamvu inama zatanzwe kugirango birusheho gushyirwa mu bikorwa neza.

Muri make hagendewe ku makuru yavuye mu bushakashatsi kurengera ibidukije n?uburyo bwo kugera kwiterambere rirambye by?umwihariko mu byaro.

CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the study

Rwanda is one of the smallest, poorest and most densely populated countries. High population density in a fragile ecology has predisposed the country?s natural resources. The small size of the country make land on a very limited natural resource and hence, a scarce resource and subject to the gradation. According to the Rwandan Natural environmental policy (2003:9).

The impact of divergent activities including man?s activities, on scarce natural resource was neglected. Little attention was paid to the impact these activities had on the environment. In other words until recently, environmental conservation was not regarded as priority. However, of late awareness of the endangered environment as well of the need to conserve it and to reduce any domain, it has steadily grown (Barrow, 1999:10.)

It is regrettable that although environment deterioration and its effects are evident, responsibility to conserve and redress the environment is shifted from one group to another. For example, neither developed countries nor developing countries appear willing to accept responsibility. Developed countries blame developing countries for environmental deterioration with the argument that underdevelopment is principal cause of environmental damage.

Developing countries on the other hand condemn developed countries for environmental damage due to the increased technological development and its accompanying consumerism, which are regarded as the cause of heavy depletion of natural resource as through the world. There for developing countries do not give priority to the environmental protection to them; industrialization is a sign to the environment and is given priority over considerations of environmental conservation. Despite the shift of responsibility or blame for environmental problems, environmental conservation has become aware that one of the solutions to the environment problems was the management of natural resources. It cost the community a lot of efforts to become efficient in maintaining this goals necessitates international cooperation and continuous supervision. Khitoliya (2004:3).

In addition, information exchange is promotional as another mechanism for cooperation I the effort to ensure environment quality. Some international organizations take on the task of preparing a synthesis of information received (Alexandre, 1991:56)

1.2 Statement of the problem

In the global, including African countries and Rwanda in particular, environmental conservation at various levels by affecting pressure groups, by directly affecting community, weakness in governance could manifest itself in lack of pertinent measures a poor procedures weak governance plays important role in environmental deterioration. On the other hand good governance plays a role and may prevent environment degradation (UNEP, 200).

Rwanda post war ecological conservation and the role of population participation, coupled with the issue of environmental conservation have not yet been harmonized to pursue the interest of the public. This study will examiners the causes and impact environmental degradation.

Rural areas in Rwanda especially in Nyamagabe district contribute much towards national development. This is mostly important by the contribution of environmental conservation to the sustainable development. It is upon this consideration that this study sets out to establish reasons or to why the government doesn?t put much emphasis on rural areas? Many promises have been made of ending environmental degradation. But there is still a problem which requires a solution.

Why has there been this explosion of interest in conservation, the interest stems from a growing realization that Rwanda today seems to be in trouble and that degradation of the environment through human activity is the root cause. The conservation there is seen as the way out of environmental crisis only through analyzing our environment and its better application and implementation cad dwell (1999:4)

The physical environment of Rwanda has always been deteriorating. At the heart of this deterioration is man, which worries about life economic survival is both the perpetrator and victim of his basic needs and the process that led him to deterioration on his own environment Buchholiz (1993:7)

This research is aimed to show the negative impact of environmental degradation, that?s why environmental conservation is necessary for successful environmental protection in Rwanda.

Environment conservation in Rwanda existed in old days; Rwandans had knowledge on environmental matters and the use of their environment in line with problems at hand by them. Because of high population, human activities had become a threat to the environment.

The main environmental problems in rural areas which are facing, are based on deforestation overexploitation of soil, bush fires, water pollution which caused by domestic waste, soil erosion, population growth and fire wood. Therefore Rwanda environmental conservation must overcome the limits of existing approaches.

Our environment changes dramatically due to diverse reasons either man or natural. This research is a starter to open up the wider duty to make people at higher levels read and understands and extend to others the real values of our environment holds and hence the need to protect it especially in rural areas with strengthening the role of environmental conservation . If this continues, there is hope that some of the very basic issues that need attention raised in this research will be addressed and sustainable development will be achieved.

The link between environmental conservation and sustainable development in rural areas is an important one. There is a need to protect environment, it is important to note that, if the environment is deteriorated and its natural resources become extinct human survival would not be sustainable in the future. This shows the importance of environmental conservation in the process of development. Environment conservation cannot be ignored, if sustainable development is to be achieved. Environmental Conservation is among the main element that facilitate development (Cunningham (2006:4)

The physical environment of Rwanda has always been deteriorating. At the heart of this deterioration is mean, which worries about life economic survival is both the perpetrator and victim of his basic needs and the process that led him to deterioration on his own environment Buchholiz (1993:7)

This research is aimed to show the negative impact of environmental degradation, that?s why environmental conservation is necessary for successful environmental protection in Rwanda.

Our environment changes dramatically due to diverse reasons either man or natural is. This research is a starter to open up the wider duty to make people at higher levels read and understands and extend to others the real values our environment holds and hence the need to protect it especially in rural areas with strengthening the role of environmental conservation . if this continues, there is hope that some of the very basic issues that need attention raised in this research will addressed and sustainable development will be achieved.

The link between environmental conservation and sustainable development in rural areas is an important one. There is a need to protect environment, it is important to note that, if the environment is deteriorated and its natural resources become extinct human survival would not be sustainable in the future. This shows the importance of environmental conservation in the process of development. Environment conservation cannot be ignored, if sustainable development is to be achieved. Environmental conservation cannot be ignored, if sustainable development is to be achieved. Environmental conservation is among the main element that facilitate development (Cunningham (2006:4)

Consequently, in all measures, plans and efforts directed to the realization of sustainable development full consideration has to be given to environmental conservation. In other words, sustainable development and environmental needs to be balanced in order to achieve sustainable development N.malcolm,( 1997:629). It is therefore necessary to exploit the environment in conservatory manner in order to cater both the present and the future generation.

1.3. Research question

«How can environmental conservation lead to the sustainable development of rural areas in Rwanda?

1.4. Research hypothesis

«The environmental conservation is a real basis of achieving sustainable development to the rural areas in Kitabi sector/Nyamagabe district». The study uses environment conservation as is independent variable and sustainable development as dependent variable.

1.5. Significance of the study

This research is expected to be important because its final result will contribute more to the local leaders, population and they will be able to establish new environmental conservation activities and the policies in order to achieve sustainable development in rural areas in particular.

1.6. Objectives of the study

This research will include general and specific objectives which will be identified.

1.6.1. General objective

The general objective of this study is to identify the condition which environmental conservation can lead to the sustainable development especially in rural areas

1.6.2. Specific objectives

1.7. Scope of the study

The scope of this nature necessitated enough time and resources to cover the whole district of Nyamagabe. However due to the constraints on the party of the researcher. Only Kitabi sector will be selected as representative sample of the study. The Kitabi sector will be selected because is neighboring sector of Nyungwe National Park, where the environment is more conserved.

1.8. Organizational of the study

This research will be presented in five main chapters. The first chapters is called general introduction including background of the study, problem statement, research question, research hypothesis, and significance of the study, objectives of the study and organization of the study. The second will contain the definition of concepts and theoretical Frame work.

The third chapter will be including description of the study site and methodology.

The fourth chapter will include data presentation, analysis and interpretation of the findings.

The last chapter will contain the conclusion, recommendations and suggestions for further research.

CHAPTER TWO: DEFINITION OF CONCEPTS AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter provides a conceptual and theoretical framework of the study on the issues of the topic. It further gives the concept definitions views of different scholars and authors. The study includes the following key concepts: Environmental conservation, sustainable development and rural areas.

2.1. The concept of environmental conservation

2.1.1. Environment

Environment (from the French Environner: to encircle or surround.) can be defined as the circumstances and conditions that surround an organism or group of organism or the social and cultural conditions that affect an individual or community. Since Human inhabit the natural world as well as the built or technological, social or technological world, all constitute important parts of our environment. CONNINGHAM (2004:3)

The Canadian environmental protection act (1988:3) defines Environment in terms of the earth?s components which include: air, land and water, all layers of atmosphere, all organic matter and living organisms and the interacting natural systems that include components referred to above.

According to MININTERE:(2003:7), environment is a set of physical, chemical, biological element and socio-economic, cultural, aesthetic, intellectual factors likely to have a direct or indirect, immediate or long-term impact on the development of environment, human beings and human activities.

According to the environment bill, in its 4^th article, environment is divided in both natural and human environment. Natural environment comprises of soil and the subsoil, water resources, air, biological diversity and landscape, Sites and monuments while human environment concerns land use management and living environment.

The environment in the study refers to the man?s activities which modify his own life and his wellbeing.

Therefore an urgent conservation activities is needed to the rural space for sustainability and build infrastructures in a manner that would facilitate of population to basic needs .Harashina (1996:7)

The major environmental problems in the study are land degradation, deforestation, reduction of biodiversity. All these factors have led to the proliferation of unplanned residential areas, accelerated environmental degradation and the deterioration of living conditions of rural population.

2.1.1.1. Characteristics of Rwandan environment

According to MINITERE: 2003, Rwanda enjoys a temperature climate. The thermal rhythm is relatively consistent.

In the course of the year, temperature varies between 16 and 17^oC in the high altitude region, between 18 and 21^oC in the central plateau and between 20 and 24^oC in the low lands of the East and West. Annual rainfall varies between 7000 mm and 1400 mm in the lowlands of the East and West, between 1200 and 1400mm in the central plateau and between 1400 mm and 2000 mm in the high altitude regions.

The vegetation also varies according to the relief and the distribution of the rainfall. There is whole plant diversity from the dense forests in the West to the semi arid savannah of the East, land constitutes a resource of highest value. It occupies a first rate place in the national economy since the farming employs more than 90% of the working population and contributes about 93% of exports. However, the small size of the country makes land very limited and therefore much subject degradation. Varying ecosystems cover the country: natural ecosystems consisting of mountains, rainfalls, gallery forests, savannah wetlands and aquatic areas and man-made forests.

According to MINITERE :( 2003:9) the country possesses abundant and varied biodiversity. Biomass is the principal source of energy and it meets 94% of national needs. Wood fuel and plant residues are used for cooking and in industries and cottage industries as a source of primary energy. This predominance in meeting energy needs, coupled with high population density leads to extra demand every year, and worsened by the use of inefficient carbonization and cooking techniques, has resulted in overexploitation of this resource.

A layer of soil less than a meter deep supports all terrestrial plant and animal life and agricultural production of this planet including Rwanda. Our land is a finite, fragile and non- renewable resource. Pinchot (1999:7)

Human activities contributing to Rwandan land degradation include, overgrazing, deforestation, agricultural mismanagement, fuel wood consumption, industrial expansion and urbanization. The degradation of soil is a threat of the Rwandan food market. Grove (1997:2)

About 90% of Rwandan population is engaged in subsistence farming and they are not able to grow sufficient amount of food. This is linked with ecosystem service of food production, as food supply is characterized by low and mixed agricultural productivity caused overexploitation of soil. REMA (2005:3)

Water resource is an essential human need of critical importance for sustainable developmet.It is needed for agricultural, pastoral and industrial puposes.It is used for human consumption both in rural and urban areas. Water is also used as source of hydroelectric energy and for transport. All these forms of use have harmful consequences on water source which are often characterized by physical, chemical and biological disturbances. Miller (1997:3)

Turner.k (2000:6) asserted that water pollution in Rwanda is mainly caused by domestic waste, agro-pastoral activities and industrial activities.

As a result of the scarcity of land and over farming, agricultural productivity has declined. In order to increase soil fertility, the use of fertilizers and the application of pesticides and herbicides increase too. Yet, high concentrations of such chemical products in drinking water are dangerous for human health and environment.

Even though industries in Rwanda are not many and are agricultural based or produce detergents, breweries or other small and medium industries, they are almost all found in or near wetlands and throw all their affluent and products in the water .This increase water pollution and chemical components used in these industries are dangerous for human, animal consumption and for environmental in particular. Saarinen (2003:4)

The basic physical infrastructure for the overall development of the country consists of human settlements. Management, maintenance and transformation mechanisms of these settlements must be clearly defined so as to meet the environmental and quality human settlements requirements. MINITERE: (2004:5)

2.1.1.2. Rwandan environmental problems.

The imbalance between the population and natural resources (land, water, flora, fauna and other nonrenewable resources) is the major environmental concern. In Rwanda, there is also much reflection of massive degradation through deforestation, reduction of biodiversity, the cultivation of marginal areas, the erosion and unplanted farming of marches.

The environmental degradation has high human as well as economic impact. The current energy crisis exacerbated by environmental degradation has defected not only the rate of economic growth but has also impacted on the livelihoods of the people.

One example of environmental degradation is the declining water levels in lakes which provide the majority of electricity in the country. Since the beginning of 2000, the water levels of two lakes (Burera and Ruhondo) that supply Ntaruka and Mukura hydropower stations have been declining. BARRACLOUGH (1997:12)

The environmental degradation processes also are frequently associated with local level proximate causes such as careless natural resource management, inappropriate technologies, poverty, demographic changes, local power structures social conflicts and natural processes or calamities. BARRACLOUGH (1997:13)

Given to the fragility of Rwandan agricultural sector, it?s clear that the success of Rwandan economic development over the medium to long-term will be intimately linked to the fate of its natural environment. Rwandan natural environment is being threatened by population growth and it is likely that these problems will be exacerbated in the future by climate change, inadequate water management and recurrent draught are already having an impact on the country?s energy production and are undermining the competitiveness of Rwandan fledgling industry. It is important to note that draught was cited as a major cause of food insecurity in the 2006 and vulnerability assessment. Finally, urbanization is likely to generate a new set of environmental needs, such as waste and waste water management. To respond to these challenges, Rwanda will need to divide an ambiguous and coherent response that covers all sectors of the economy and offer an integrated strategy to deal with the management of the environmental and climatic risk, as well as with predictable consequences of population growth and soil degradation. National Human Development Report (2007:15)

This imbalance between the population and the natural resource has resulted in a constantly increasing impoverishment of the population. According to the environment policy in 1993, the proportion of households living below the poverty threshold was 53%. It greatly increased after the 1994 war and Genocide. Surveys carried out in 2001 show that at the national level, 60% of households live under the poverty threshold.

National space is used in an inefficient and non-sustainable manner. Rural areas are still dominated by scattered settlements: agricultural activities and infrastructure are disseminated without any pre-established basic principles of land use. Unsuitable space are wooded, slopes and fragile wetlands are used very poorly due to lack of a master plan of land use management and an explicit land policy and low governing the land tenure system and human settlements. The consequence of this kind of management is soil degradation, reduction of water resources, devastating floods. MINITERE (2003:8)

MINITERE (2003:12) states that the exploitation mines and quarries out in the different parts of the country affects the soils of the hills and marches. It contributes to increased erosion in hills where quarries left open promote erosion. Forests and natural reserves in Rwanda are subjected to high human pressure and rate of deforestation is very high.

This massive deforestation combined with the abandonment and destruction of erosion control systems, particularly following the displacement of the population caused by the 1994 War and Genocide, greatly contribute to the degradation of the bare land on steep slopes and hills. There is also water pollution in the country, which is mainly caused by domestic waste, agro-pastoral and industrial activities. The wetlands also, in Rwanda are generally used for agricultural and pastoral purposes, quarrying, construction and trading purposes. They are generally mismanagement and used anarchical without prior studies of the impact of the activities carried out on resources and human health. Through analysis of the problems of wetlands in Rwanda shows that the major threats affecting ecosystems are associated with agricultural and pastoral activities, mining and quarrying, human settlements, lack of a policy and legal framework, inadequate scientific and technical knowledge of wetlands.

The environment policy points out that, fires also constitutes a serious threat for wetlands and their biodiversity. Analysis of the state of biodiversity carried out for the preparation of the National strategy on biodiversity showed that man-made activities were the most numerous and most harmful to biodiversity. The principle man-made threats to biodiversity are reflected through: poaching, pirating and illicit trade, uncontrolled introduction of exotic species and overexploitation of biological resources, according to MINITERE (2003:4)

2.1.1.3. Environment and economic growth

Environmental management is essential for growth and the quality of growth, environment directly affect growth of agriculture tourism and mining sectors. Subsistence agriculture provides food security and employment about 90% of the population. It also contributes about 45% to the GDP (Gross Domestic Product).

A significant proportion of Rwanda?s export earning is derived from coffee, tea, tourism and minerals. Soil erosion can reduce productivity and growth of these sectors in turns affecting the demand for non-agricultural in the economy. The challenge is to utilize natural resource to develop the economy while at the same time conserving the environment to avoid the adverse impacts of pollution, soil erosion, deforestation and general degradation.

Rwanda?s economic growth as shown by trends in real GDP has been on the increase, mainly due to good performance of the tertiary and secondary sector. This could be taken as an indicator that economic growth is not putting much pressure on natural resources. However, the same growth, if not controlled, may lead to an increase of pollution loading, which may affect the environment. Poverty environment initiative/REMA (2007:15)

2.1.1.4. Rwanda environmental concerns of the international contexts

There are environmental problems that pose a serious threat to the international community. These are therefore a concern of the whole world. These environmental problems require the mobilization of efforts and the collaboration of Nations in finding adequate and sustainable solutions. The common ones are linked to climatic changes and the destruction of the Ozone layer.

In the 1980?s, the world has been experiencing the problem of global warning. Human activities, particularly industries and means of transport emit greenhouse gases which, in turn, cause the warming of the planet. In order to solve this problem, Nations have negotiated and signed the United Nations Conventions of Climate Change since June 1992.

It is thus, pointed out that Rwanda also signed this convention on 10^th June 1992 and ratified it on 30^th May 1995. Under the implementation of this convention, the country is preparing the first national paper on climatic changes with the technical and financial assistance of the global environmental facility after which, it will be followed by the preparation and adaptation of the National program for adaptation to climatic changes with a view to alleviating the harmful effects associated to climatic changes. MINITERE: (2003:20)

The depletion of the Ozone layer results in increased intensity of ultraviolet radiation on the earth threatens the health of living things. Ultraviolet radiations may cause skin cancer, blindness, reduction of body immunity and affects or destroys fauna and flora species.

MINITERE (2003). Rwanda ratified the Vienna convention on the protection of the Ozone layer and the Montreal protocol relating to substances which deplete the Ozone layer on 11/10/2001. It intends to adhere to all the amendments relating to the Montreal protocol.

2.1.2. Environmental conservation

The objective of the environmental conservation is to improve human life quality. It involves the mobilization of resources and the use of the Government to administer the use of both natural and economic goods and services. However, it is used as the relative capability of an environment to satisfy the needs and wants of an individual or Society. BARROW (1999:25)

According to Michael,(1988:144), environmental conservation is defined as the part of resource management which is concerned with the discharge into the environment of substances that might be harmful or that might have harmful physical effects and with safe guarding.

According to CUNNINGHAM (2004:3), environmental conservation is a practice of protecting the environment on the individual, organizational or Governmental level for the benefit of the natural environment and humans. Due to the pressure of the population and our technology, the biophysical environment is being degraded, sometimes permanently. This has been recognized and Government began placing restraints on activities that caused environmental degradation. Since the 1960s activism by environmental movement has created awareness of the various environmental issues.

2.2.1. Necessary conditions for the population implication in environmental conservation activities

> Motivation: the population must be informed; competent structures must be part in place and encourage the rural world that is economically weak to search for possible and adequate solutions.

> Sustainable alternatives: the alternatives offered to the citizens concerning the developmental activities to be taken, must be long lasting and self sustaining and accessible. Logistical and financial supporting must be a guarantee.

> Competence: citizens must possess or acquire sufficient skills so as to manipulate different alternatives, in terms of technical assistance and general instructions.

> Benefits: citizens must be conscious of benefits, which they must get from the actions taken whether by direct or indirect incentives and incitements. GEORGE Williams (2005:10)

2.2.2. Environment Management Systems (EMS)

Environment Management Systems (EMSs) were first developed in the United States in response to increasingly stringent environmental legislation and costly penalty for non-compliance. This led to the realization that there was a need for an integrated and proactive approach to environmental issues. Internal management systems were already established in areas such as health and safety. So, they were recognized as a favorable approach to achieving improved environmental performance. SHELDON and YAXON (1999:4)

EMSs are often practiced without the formality presumed essential. However, in order for a management system to fully integrate itself into the culture and function of an organization, it will need some degree of structure. This will help ensure that it is comprehensive and progressive. For the purpose of this dissertation, an EMS is defined as: the organizational structure, responsibilities, practices, procedures, processes and resources for determining and implementing environmental issues. RONDINELLI and VASTAG (2000:205)

2.2.2.1. Best practices of Environment Management Systems (EMS)

An EMS is about putting systems in place to identify measures and monitor impacts in order to reduce remedy or prevent them altogether. NETHERWOOD (1996:35-38) states that a successful and effective EMS will incorporate commitment to continuous improvement and through defining clear objectives and targets will bring about tangible environmental improvements. In order for an organization to improve its environmental performance it doe not need to implement an EMS. However, with the structure of a system-based approach, an organization can consistently meet its targets, improve performance and incorporate environmental consideration into all aspects of the business.

The environmental policy should set out the overall directions and principles of the organization, such as the pollution prevention and continuous improvement. It should be based on information from the initial environmental review and be documented and publicly available.

A fundamental aim of the environmental policy formulation is to create an environmental culture within an organization. It must address the significant aspects and processes of the organization and create a framework for managing them.

2.2.2. Environmental conservation and sustainable development in Rwanda.

About 57% of Rwandans, a majority of them are women, live in poverty, surviving on less than U$1 per day. Additionally, many households do not have access to basic sanitation or water supplies. In recognition of the strong linkages between poverty and environment, one of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs 7) seeks to integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs and reserves the loss of environmental resources Government of Rwanda: (2007)

The livelihoods and food security of the poor often depends directly on ecosystems and the diversity of goods and services derived from these ecosystems. Health ecosystems provide a range of invisible services that are essential for sustainable development. Achievements of National and international sustainable development goals and effective support to poverty reduction initiatives will require Rwanda to integrate environment and natural resources management principles into the National planning process for economic Development. The economy is also linked to the environment in many important ways. All economic activities including production, consumption and waste disposal subsist in the environment. It has become abundantly clear that the state of environment determines the level of prosperity not only in the short term but also for the future generation. This underlines the need to examine both economic and environmental indicators to determine the impact on the environment of a range of economic activities in Rwanda and conversely, how wise use of environmental resources can increase economic growth. MINECOFIN, (2004:36)

2. 2. Concepts of sustainable development

2.2.1. Sustainability

Sustainability thus means constraining human economic activity so as to protect those life-support systems or seeks to conserve the environment for the benefit of the future generations. In the absence of sustainability, environmental policies seek to provide environmental good for the current generation. JOHN (1997:192 and 202)

It means also the concern with intergenerational equity but implementation of intergenerational equity requires the distribution of any sacrifices required for sustainability. JOHN (1997:206)

At the world summit 2005 on environment and development, it was noted that this requires the reconciliation of environmental, social and economic necessities or demands. The «three" pillars of sustainability. This view has been expressed as an illustration using three overlapping ellipses indicating that three pillars of sustainability are not mutually exclusive and can be mutually reinforcing.

The UN definition is not universally accepted and has undergone various interpretations. What sustainability is, what its goals should be and how these goals are to be achieved is all open to interpretation. A universally accepted definition of sustainability is elusive because it is expected to achieve many things. On the one hand, it needs to be factual and scientific, a dear statement of a specific «destination". The simple definition "sustainability is improving the quality of human life while living within the carrying capacity of supporting eco-systems" through vague, conveys the idea of sustainability having quantifiable limits. But sustainability is also a call to action, a task in progress or "journey" and therefore a political process. So, some definitions set out common goals and values.

The earth charter initiative on environment speaks that "sustainability as a sustainable global society founded on respect from nature, universal human rights, economic justice and a culture of peace".

According to JOHN (1997:52 and 53), there are three dimensions of sustainability:

1. Economic sustainability spans three key elements of the productive base of an economy manufactured capital, human capital and the stock of knowledge along with the economy?s external indebtedness and the level of economic inequality. Thus, economic sustainability refers to a pattern of economic development that leads to lasting improvement in education status, health status, economic quality, the stock of foreign assets and the stock of manufactured capital and knowledge.

Breaking down sustainable development in this way makes it possible to explore how economic, environmental and institutional systems interact in the process of development. More important for measuring sustainability, it also allows the construction of measures for each dimension of sustainability and thus permits a more detailed examination of sustainability across countries. JOHN (1997:53)

2.2.2. Development

Development is a concept and multi-facetted phenomena. Although its history goes back to the antiquities, development exceptionally preoccupied states after the Second World War in the late 1940s. These have since then been efforts for social, political and economic progress all over the world facilitated by the quick technological evolution.

There are numerous definitions of development. Different authors have advanced more or less the same arguments pertaining to this rather wide concept. Below, are some of commonly used definitions:

TAYEBWA (1992:261) states that development is a broad term which should not be limited to mean economic development, economic welfare or material wellbeing as per Tayebwa, development in general includes improvements in economic, social and political aspects of whole society like security, culture, social activities and political institutions.

According to TODARO (1981:56) refers to development as a multi-dimensional process involving the reorganization and reorientation of the entire economic and social systems. He continues to argue that development is a physical reality and a state of mind in which society has, through some combinations of social, economic and political process secured the way of obtaining better life. Similar to the one given by Tayebwa, Todaro?s definition is applauded for its wider view of the development concept as related to social, economic as well as political changes in the society.

Nevertheless, a careful analysis reveals that each level, a country can have different definitions of development. Just because development is a multi-dimensional process involving qualitative and quantitative changes in social, political and economic domains of society and it is undertaken essentially to lead to a better state of life.

According to PERROUX (1978:65), defines development as "the combination of mental and social changes among the population which decide to increase its real and global products, cumulatively and in sustainable manner."

ROGERS (1990:30) adds "development is a long participatory process of social change in the society whose objective is the material and social progress for the majority of population through a better understanding of their environment"

2.2.2.1. Causes of development

It is important to note that, no single "engine" to development can be found. Specific countries have specific causes to their development different authors give different arguments to explain the causes of development.

- Increased savings and investment and acquisition of appropriate technology ; - Structural transformation of the economy and production;

- Avoidance of unsustainable practices that would reserve the development process such as corruption;

- An economic system that allows for efficient allocation, including increases in the efficiency of government.

However, HONGEDORN view development process as not mechanical, automatic or fully predictable and that, although progress in each of the above areas appears valuable for development, it may not always be a sufficient condition for growth and development.

2.2.2.2. Obstacles to development

The development process encounters numerous barriers as discussed by the author below:

According to World Bank (2000b:13) some of the most precarious obstacles to development include poverty, hunger, diseases, lack of shelter and illiteracy.

CREWE and HARRISON (1998:25) in dealing with the social evolutionist paradigms which imply that societies progress through stages and that development means movement from "tradition" to "modernity", provided that, traditional culture is a development barrier.

Crewe and Harrison here, rightly view the rigidities to change found in traditional cultures as constituting a strong setback in the process of development.

MINECOFIN (2003:21-23) In Rwanda?s vision 2020 indicates that, among the constraints hindering the process of development in the country are the following

· Low levels of human resources development leads to a serious shortage of professional and technical personnel thus deterring development in different sectors of the national economy.

2.2.3. Sustainable development

According to WENDY H. (1997:69), sustainable development is a process by which members of the society, starting from the most disenfranchised, increase their personal and common capacities critically to reflect, decade and read their world and organizes according to sustainable improvement of their own lives and those of their children

Sustainable development is structural change leading to enduring widespread improvement in the wellbeing of societies and their members. This process involves self-sustaining economic growth, technological change, the modernization of instructions and changes in attitudes and values. Economic Commission for Africa.(2002:51)

Common future of the world commission on environment and development defines sustainable development as "a development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations while also improving the wellbeing of current generations, particularly the poor and vulnerable.

These four dimensions of sustainable development are explained by the figure below

It shows the equilibrium between population-development-environment-resources. Toyne (2003:125)

2.2.2.3.1. Integration of environmental conservation in agricultural sector for sustainable development

In 2000, it was estimated that Rwanda had a population of 8.13 million people living in an area of 26,338Sq Km making it the country with the highest population density on African main land. Only an estimated 10% of the population lives in urban areas. The country?s economy is still highly dependent on a rural Based agricultural economy.

Previously, agriculture in Rwanda prospered because of the favorable temperature, good rainfall and fertile soils which contributed to the expanding economy that provided support for the high population growth rates. During the expansion phase, the economy was highly dependent on the lived international coffee prices fell; the country suffered a massive trading loss.

Consequently, the per capital income fell sharply during the 1980s and early the 1990s and agricultural inputs such as investments in terracing and the use of fertilizers also fell.

In order to compensate against the falling productivity and growing population, there was increasing encroachment on marginal farmlands, hill sides, protected areas and forests. The rampant deforestation and lack of appropriate intervention policies in soil conservation resulted in loss of massive quantities of soil, reduced fertility and productivity.

This had a severe overall impact on the population?s wellbeing as well as the country?s environment. The link between environment and the poverty has not been fully analyzed and acknowledged in Rwanda.

However, the link between agriculture and environment in Rwanda is very obvious as the examples of 90% of the population relies on agriculture for their livelihoods, but many of them are not self-sustained as their land plots are either too small or their quality too poor. The wide scale environmental degradation, which for a major part is a result of unsustainable agricultural practices, calls for urgent attention. Immediate actions are essential to avoid further environmental degradation and the food insecurity that would follow from further environment degradation Poverty environment initiative/REMA (2007:32-33)

2.2.2.3.2. Integration of environmental conservation in the commerce for sustainable development

This sector is very important for growth and technological improvement and further, the sector is a major user of raw materials and energy as well as a major source of environmental degradation. It is therefore key that development of this sector is given the proper attention and guidance to emphasize the positive role that it can play for achieving sustainable development as well as economic growth. More efficient production processes preventive strategies, cleaner technologies and procedures can be important mechanisms for reducing impacts on natural resources and the environment.

Physical and economic impacts on the environment as a result of commercial and industrial activity can be associated with the products or technologies used operational scales and structural effects. Product effects occur when commercial or industrial products themselves have an impact on the environment.

Also, structural effects such as trade liberalization can contribute positively to the national economy, but can also create higher environmental impacts as a result of more pollution or a higher exploitation rate of natural resources.

national growth. However, achieving this will require legal frameworks, ongoing technical supports and facilitation from environment sector as well as enforcement to ensure compliance.

If financial performance takes precedence, environmental objectives are likely to be compromised or be subject to significant constraints.

Compliance with Government regulations and policies remains one of the most forceful drivers of environmental performance for most companies, as it requires them to take mandatory actions or meet certain standards. Strengthening the efforts for integration of environmental issues in the sector, whether through the undertaking of EIAs (Environmental Impact Assessment), the use of standards or other regulatory mechanisms, will certainly contribute to more sustainable development of Rwandan economy. Poverty Environment Initiative/REMA (2007:35-36)

2.2.2.3.3. Integration of environmental conservation into economic growth for sustainable development

Rational and sustainable conservation of the environment and natural resources is one of the aspirations of the Vision 2020. Rwandan economy is primary dependent on natural resources and therefore environment and natural resource degradation has adverse impacts on economic growth and the livelihood of a majority of Rwandans. Recent explorative studies have linked and environment has brought new insight in appreciating how natural resources and environment are interlinked. Poverty environment initiative/REMA (2007:40)

2.2.2.3.4. The integration environmental conservation in local government for sustainable development

To meet the objectives of Vision 2020, it is important that adequate policy and legal framework exist to guide the behaviors of the use of the environmental and natural resources whose action may have impact on the environment. Sector decentralization strategies and set standards for delivering environmental services can help to ensure that the relationship between the decentralized government departments will serve the goals of both decentralization and sustainable development of the environmental conservation. Rwandan decentralization policy and program provide a great opportunity to empower the local leader and involve the population

in improved management of the natural resources upon which the majority depends on. Government of Rwanda (2007:32)

In order to ensure the sustainability of environment, Nyungwe forest was declared a National Park and the national laws were also put in place to stop hunting and protecting wild animals, fauna and flora. With a special mandate, Rwanda office of Tourism and National Parks (NPs) was established, to oversee nature, conservation, tourism promotion, implementation of conventions and agreement on biodiversity, development and protection of major historical, archeological and tourist sites and monuments. ORTPN (2007:4)

Despite, all these efforts made to protect the natural resources, pressure from local communities in Rwanda was high. A large proportion of the recently established National Parks were gradually converted to agricultural land overtime, within the period of40 years, NPs in Rwanda have lost more than 50% of their initial area at the establishment, currently NPs cover approximately 2,280sq km, which 8.6% of the total area of Rwanda .ORTPN(2007:7)

Furthermore, local communities living near these NPs, including the neighboring of Nyungwe National Park (NNP) especially Kitabi Sector continue to exert a strong pressure in search of the resources which can satisfy their needs. Therefore, that is why a special policy is needed for the conservation of environment as a result of achieving sustainable development in rural areas.

2.3. The concept of rural areas

According to Jeffrey et Al (1989:17), the rural areas/sectors can be described according to its characteristics. Therefore, in rural areas, in addition to the legion of subsistence and small farmers, there is a growing percentage of individuals whose primary source of income is trading, cottage industries, and a wide range of services, generally categorized as off-farm activities. The actual profile of rural communities in developing countries tends to be much more complex, with the rural populace typified by the following attributes.

- Mixed economic activities, with significant seasonal and geographical variation.

- Fungibility of rural household budgets, in response to changing needs and opportunities; - Wealth held in primarily assets.

According to Wolfgan et Al (1992:138-139) defined integrated development of rural areas as a strategy designed to improve the economic and social life of a specific group of people-the rural poor. It involves extending the benefits of development to the poorest among those who seek a livelihood in rural areas.

- Firstly, the rate of transfer of people out of low productivity agriculture into more rewarding pursuits has been slow.

- "Secondly, their position is likely to set worse if population expands at unprecedented rates".

- Thirdly, rural areas have labor, land and at least some capital which, if mobilized could reduce poverty and improve the quality of life, is clearly designed to increase production and raise the productivity. It is concerned with the monetization and modernization of society, and with its transition from traditional isolation to integration with the national economy.

Umalele (1976:20) on his study, development of rural areas is defined as improving living standards of the mass of the low-population residing in rural areas and making the process of their development self-sustaining.

This simple definition has three important features with substantial implications for how development of rural development programs are designed and implemented:

Improving the living standards of the subsistence population involves mobilization and allocation of resources so as to reach a desirable balance over time between the welfare and productive services available to the subsistence rural sector.

Making the process self-sustaining requires development of the appropriate skills and the implementing capacity and the presence of institutions at the local, regional and national levels to ensure the effective use of existing resources and human resources for continued development of the substance sector. Self-sustenance; this means involving, as district from simply teaching, the subsistence populations through development programs. The achievements of their aims require consideration of the interaction of a variety.

According to Kocher (1973:5) argues that, development of rural areas is a "generalized increase in rural labor productivity resulting in growing incomes, raise in rural employment opportunities sufficient to absorb the large numbers of new entrants into rural labor force at a continually rising levels of living".

2.3.1.3. Objectives of having sustainable development in rural areas

Over the past few years, sustainable development pacifists have expressed increased with a variety of objectives, which are highly dependent on the specific needs and realities of the people and the country in general.

According to Erade and William (1998:9), the fundamental purpose of sustainable development is to improve on the terms on which marginalized people can be part of the process of change and to help them transform the ways in which power is unjustly exercised distributed in society. They add that sustainable development is a process that gives people the opportunity to affect change in society and give it the orientation which most appropriately responds to their problems and aspirations, the insistence of insuring an equal share of power as a major objective of sustainable development at the expense of other important issues like resource distribution, serves to show the inadequacy of the definition.

In addition to its lack of clarity on the type of power referred to here, the definition is not comprehensive enough as to include sharing of resources. Sustainable development policies have above all the goal of durably ameliorating the quality of life of all. The increase of revenue and consumption per person fall in that category of goals. Other objectives of sustainable development include: the struggle against poverty, better access to public health services and amelioration of education levels the achievements of which requires approaching the sustainable development problem through a global perspective.

The World Bank and UN have established the major worldwide objectives of sustainable development which must be achieved before 2015. These objectives include the following:

- To open all doors to all the people for primary education and eliminate the gender disparities in that domain;

To reduce by 2/3 the infant mortality and child deaths and by 3/4 the maternal mortality rate and to generate health services;

- To put in place and effect national development strategies for durable development and avoid overexploitation of resources in the environment. World Bank, (2000:21)

There is no consensus on what are and what actually should be the general development goals. This is largely because of the wide divergences related to the political economic and social realities existing between societies. The attempts to draw consensual lists of objectives as discussed above are merely palliative and the extent to which they suit sustainable development goals for a specific society is just a matter of degree. It is worth stressing that for feasibility, the sustainable development of any society or nation should be achieved across the above mentioned objectives.

According to Toyne (2003:128) a sustainable society is identified by the following factors:

Create a vibrant local economy that gives access to satisfying and rewarding work without damaging the local, national or global environment. The above factors are considered for the entire world, it means, the sustainability of Kitabi Sector should be based on these factors. Therefore, the involvement of local leaders and local population is required for achieving sustainable development.

CHAPTER THREE: DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY SITE AND METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methodology applied in conducting the research. It includes the method and techniques used in data collection and analysis. The chapter also shows the population from which data was collected and how it was selected.

3.1. Description of the study site

The study was carried out in Kitabi Sector of Nyamagabe District of Southern Province. Kitabi Sector is among the seventeen sectors of Nyamagabe District out of which, five sectors are bordering of Nyungwe National Park. These five sectors are: Kitabi, Uwinkingi, Gatare, Buruhukiro and Nkomane.

Therefore, Kitabi Sector was selected to represent the five Sectors neighboring of the Park. It is made up of five Cells which are: Kagano, Uwingugu, Mukungu, Mujuga and Shyaba. It has the total population of 25333 both female and male, with a surface of 24,3 sq km, the population density is 328 inhabitant per sq km .The researcher selected two cells, which are more neighboring of Nyungwe National Park to represent the five cells of Kitabi, due to the target topic.

Those two cells are Kagano and Shyaba with a population of 10699. This sector is composed by many Mountains, and a highest altitude which varies between 1500m and 2100m. Its climate is favorable for agricultural activities of maize, wheat, sweet potatoes and tea. Therefore a big number of populations occupy the agriculture activities which are estimated on 90 percent.

The remaining part of population is oriented in the livestock of cheptilization and commerce. But we cannot forget that a small number occupy the beekeeping which has not enough productivity. Also there environmental issues to which Kitabi sector is facing are like the overexploitation of soil, overgrazing, soil erosion, deforestation, fire burning by the farmers, firewood issues and hunting activities.

However, the activities degrading environment, there are also many development activities related to Nyungwe National Park which were put into practice in order to stop the degradation of environment like environment education, improved cooking stoves, agroforestary, handcraft which generate income to the population replacing some of activities degrading the environment done by the population and ecotourism. In addition there have developed the muchroom crops which consist of replacing the needs of meat. This was done in order to stop and protect against the hunting activities in the park.

In terms of geographical location, Kitabi Sector borders with Uwinkingi sector in the North,
Nyaruguru District in the South, and Tare sector in the East and Nyamasheke District in the west.

3.2. Methodology

According to Bailley (1978:26), methodology means the philosophy of research process. This includes assumptions and values that serve as a rational for research and the standard criteria the researcher uses for interpreting data and reaching conclusions.

The contemporary English Dictionary (1992:929) defines methodology as a set of methods and principles that are used while studying a particular kind of work; and Bailley (1978:29) considers it to be a research technique or tool used to gather data.

The qualitative method was used to gather data while carrying out the research, which helped to analyze the views or opinions of the respondents.

3.3. Population

The study population comprised both males and females in two selected Cells bordering the Nyungwe National Park. That population includes local population residing in two Cells and the local administrators of Kitabi Sector. Because both cells are composed with nine villages, where every village has the executive committees of five people, it means 45people made the executive committees of the whole villages. All these people were necessary to the research. Therefore, in order to determine the relationship between environmental conservation and sustainable development in rural areas. All population of two cells (10699 populations) was not selected due to the information that they had on environmental conservation.

Basing on training given by Nyungwe National Park employees, where two people in the executive committee of every village is given some basic skills on environmental conservation especially to the coordinator of village and person in charge of economy and development of villages .It means two people were selected to represent the executive committee of villages.

3.4. Sample size

The research used 18 respondents who are including in nine villages, it means two respondents for every village (coordinators and person in charge of economy and development in village) and person in charge of social, economy and development in two cells ( Kagano and shyaba),one coordinator of cooperative named friends of Nyungwe and 3 leaders of Kitabi sector including Agronomist ,Executive Secretary and Person In Charge of Forest. The total respondents is 24, this was been selected because they are more knowledgeable about the study it means they have been selected basing on the information they had.

3.5. Purposive sampling

This was used to select the respondents from key persons from both the local administrators of Kitabi Sector and the local population in two selected Cells of Kagano and Shyaba which are neighboring of Nyungwe National Park. This is because of their important position they occupy in their respective area and their geographical location. So, they are well positioned to have the necessary information needed by the researcher. Also, purposive sampling was used in order to obtain the more accurate data.

3.6. Techniques of Sample selection.

A sample is a part of population, which is deliberately selected for the purpose of investigating the population. It involves the determination of the sample size from the targeted population. Therefore, purposive sampling was applied to the local population and to the local leaders; it helped the researcher to get reliable information, because all population were not informed about environment issues, only informants people were considered by the researcher.

The population neighboring the Nyungwe National Park, especially Kitabi Sector was put into consideration during the research period, because the researcher wanted to come up with a general picture on the reason how environmental conservation could have a positive influence on sustainable development of rural areas.

The total selected number in two cells was 20 respondents in two cells and one coordinator of friend of Nyungwe cooperative and 3 local leaders/local administrators.

Therefore, the sample size is 24 respondents. All these selected population are concerned with the research and their age is from is from 20 years old to 55 years old and are aware on the environmental issues due to the trainings that they have acquired and duties that they have in the sector. This means that, they have been selected purposively.

Category of population	Total number	Sample selected	Basis of selection	Technique used
Local population neighboring of Nyungwe National Park/ from Kagano and Shyaba	21	21	They are near the Park and have some information on the environmental conservation	Purposive sampling
Local administrators of Kitabi	6	3	They are responsible and more knowledgeable	Purposive sampling
TOTAL	27	24

3.7. Source of Data

In conducting the research, the required data were gathered from both primary and secondary

3.7.1. Primary data

The primary data was collected from all categories of people constituting the sample. The primary data according to Bailley (1987:2) are eye witness accounts written by people who experienced a particular event or behavior.

3.7.2. Secondary Data

Secondary data is a data that already exists in some organization's basement. Further, still the good thing with existing data is that we do not need to collect, no need to survey people with the related problems and at times with no cost but rather use existing data. It is though this source that the data on the sociological study on environmental conservation as a means of achieving a sustainable development in rural areas in Rwanda was conducted by the use of existing documents from library.

3.8. Techniques of Data collection

To collect relevant information and appropriate data required for the study, the researcher used documentary analysis, observation, interview and questionnaire.

3.8.1. Documentary analysis/ Documentation

In order to collect the reliable data, the researcher relied on reading text books, official documents and reports related to the study

3.8.2. Questionnaire

The questionnaire was another technique used to collect data. Kakinda (1990:25) defines Questionnaire as a set of related questions designed to collect information from a respondent. This was employed in obtaining views and opinions with individual respondents. In this research English questionnaire was used and translated into Kinyarwanda version.

3.8.3. Interview

This is intended to add quality that provided by the questionnaire. Face-to-face interview was conducted with the help of the interview schedule during data collection. Structured and non-structured interview were used. Under unstructured interview, the respondents were given the subject of the whole issue in general and the respondents were asked to relict the information without any bias. The interview was used especially to the local leaders of kitabi sector.

On the other hand, the structured interview schedule the respondents were given answers from which they would choose. The researcher used both structured and unstructured interviews, in order to avoid limitations in their responses.

3.8.4. Observation

The researcher used the Observation technique in data collection, which is the primary technique for collecting data. Observation most commonly involves sight or visual data collection via other senses such as hearing, touching and smelling.

3.9. Data processing and analysis

After data collection, it is necessary to process the data into meaningful results. In this exercise, the researcher tried to process the data collection in order to meet the objectives that were set. Data processing was done by the following techniques:

3.9.1. Tabulation

Tabulation refers to the orderly arrangement data in a table or any summary format achieved by counting frequency of responses to each question. It deals with putting into table and show the number of respondents to particular questions.

3.9.2. Editing

It refers to the inspection and collection, if necessary of each questionnaire in observation form. It is where there is an amending errors or at least deleting data that are obviously erroneous.

3.9.3. Coding

CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF THE FINDINGS

This chapter presents analysis and interprets the findings from the collected data. In this chapter qualitative method was applied basing on the objectives, research question and hypothesis of the study. The main objective of this study is to identify the condition which environmental conservation can lead to sustainable development especially in rural areas.

Data is presented in tables where percentages and frequencies were employed in analyzing and interpreting the findings. This chapter is divided into two sections due to the methodology used in data collection; it was divided into two sections namely: section one deals with the demographic characteristics like the level of education, sex and age of all the 24 respondents. Section two deals with qualitative method where the views were obtained by the use of questionnaire addressed to the local population and interview addressed to the local leaders of Kitabi sector, it means field data.

4.1. Presentation of the findings

The responses found from the respondents who were interviewed and use of questions were analyzed qualitatively. These respondents mainly include the local population and local leaders of Kitabi sector.

4.2. Section one: demographic characteristic of respondents

As regarded the demographic characteristics of the respondents were categorized on the basis of age, sex and educational level.

4.2.1. Distribution of respondents by sex, age and education level

The researcher wanted to investigate sex, age and education level composition of respondents and different perception on environmental conservation, its importance on achieving sustainable development in rural areas especially in Kitabi sector.

Sex	Kitabi sector		Total	Percentages
	Kagano cell	Shyaba cell
	Frequency cell	Frequency cell
Female	6	8	14	58
Male	5	6	10	42
Total	11	13	24	100
Age group
20-35	9	10	19	79
36-55	4	1	5	21
Total	13	11	24	100
Education level
Primary level	8	6	14	58
Vocational training	1	2	3	13
Secondary level	3	2	5	21
Bachelor?s degree	1	1	2	8
Total	13	11	24	100

Table 4.2 shows that the majority of the respondents was female ( 58%) as compared to males (42% ) out the 24 the total respondents. This implies that the females are more knowledgeable on environmental conservation than males. Because, they have direct influence on environment like searching firewood, domestic waste and fetching water. This pushes them to be aware about environmental conservation and take into account its importance.

The same table revealed that the big number of respondents were in age group 20-35 which represent 79% and 21% in age group of 36-55. This is justified that all respondents were mature enough to understand the importance of environmental conservation and take into consideration of that policy for their future generation hence sustainable development could be achieved.

Also, it indicates that the majority of respondents 58% were educated only up to primary level. Most of these respondents were from amongst the local population representations. Those with secondary level constituted 21%, 13% had vocational training and 8% university level. Some respondents have some skills on environmental conservation. This knowledge contributes much to the achievement of sustainable development in Kitabi sector, where the most knowledgeable people will influence others about the importance played by environment.

4.3. Section two: Qualitative section or Field data analysis

This section dealt with qualitative analysis where data obtained from the field by the use of questionnaire and interview were addressed to the local population and local leaders of Kitabi sector.

4.3.1 Respondents' views on the understanding of environmental conservation and sustainable development in their area.

Respondents were asked to reveal their understanding about environmental conservation and sustainable development especially in their area. This was confirmed by the majority of respondents, as it is indicated through the different indicators of environmental conservation and sustainable development in the tables below.

Indicators of environmental conservation	Kitabi sector		Total	Percentages
	Kagano cell	Shyaba cell
	Frequency	Frequency
Radical terraces	5	4	9	37
Disasters management	1	2	3	12
Sensitization of local population about environmental conservation	4	6	10	42
Establishment of friend of Nyungwe cooperative	1	1	2	9
Others	0	0	0	0
Total	11	13	24	100

According to the table 4.3 revealed that all respondents understand environmental conservation through different indicators. It is shown that 42% of respondents confirmed that sensitization of local population is the major indicator of environmental conservation, 37% and 12% of respondents agreed radical terraces and disasters management as the main indicators of environmental conservation while 9% of respondent testified that it is indicated by the establishment of friend of Nyungwe in their area.

Through the indicators above, it can be observed that the sensitization helped them to understand well the concept of environment. This also, means that, the radical terraces are another prerequisite indicator of sustaining the environment which could lead to sustainable development. Basing on the above indicators as it is asserted by local population. It is implied that they understand environmental conservation. In that case this will contribute to the development of this population who depends much on environment because of their understanding.

Indicators of sustainable development	Kitabi sector		Total	Percentages
	Kagano cell	Shyaba cell
	Frequency	Frequency
Air pollution decrease	2	1	3	12
Economic growth	4	2	6	25
Domestic waste management	2	7	9	37
Education improvement	3	2	5	21
Others	0	1	1	5
Total	11	13	24	100

From the 4.4 shows that 37% of respondents accepted domestic waste management as the major indicator of sustainable development. Also 27% and 21% of respondents take into account economic growth and education improvement to be the most indicators. Only 5% of respondents stated agro-forestry indicator which was not cited in the table it means additional .information.

Therefore, the confirmation of domestic waste management by the majority of respondents, it is because of different activities done in their home, so once it is well managed, this is concluded to be a real indicators of achieving sustainable development in its area. Due to the achievement of economic growth and education improvement is a result of observing the sustainable development. This means that all respondents understand different indicators of environmental conservation and sustainable development as it is indicated by the above information.

4.3.2. Respondents' views on the impact of environmental conservation for sustainable development

Table 4.5: Respondents `views on the impact of environmental conservation to sustainabl development

Impacts	Kitabi sector		Total	Percentages
	Kagano cell	Shyaba cell
	Frequency	Frequency
Creation of NNP	5	6	11	46
Decrease of natural damages? activities	0	1	1	5
Increase of living standards	4	3	7	29
Good shelter	3	2	5	21
Others	0	0	0	0
Total	12	12	24	100

The table 4.5 point out that a big member of respondents 46% agreed that the creation of NNP is the first impact of environmental conservation in their area. Increase of living standards comes at the second level, because it was supported by 29% of respondents. This means that, if the environmental is conserved it will increase the living standards of local population as results of achieving sustainable development while 21% and 5% of respondents ascertained that good shelter and decrease of natural damages activities are the primary impact of environmental conservation for reaching to sustainable development.

Due to the conservation of environment will bring to the above impact as it is affirmed by the respondents during the research field without causing the danger to our future generation in order to achieve to the sustainable development.

4.3.3. Respondents' views on the activities developed through the presence of NNP

The respondents were asked to point out the activities developed because of the presence of Nyungwe National Park. This was agreed by all respondents where different activities were been mentioned which are indicated in the table below.

Table 4.6: Respondents' views on the activities developed through the presence of NNP

Impacts	Kitabi sector		Total	Percentages
	Kagano cell	Shyaba cell
	Frequency	Frequency
Handcrafts	3	1	4	17
Muchroom crops	2	6	8	33
Decrease of hunting activities	2	3	5	21
Construction of lodges	2	5	7	29
Others	0	0	0	0
Total	9	15	24	100

The table 4.6 indicated that 33% of respondents confirmed muchroom crops as the main activities developed because of the presence of Nyungwe National park. Also, 29% and 21% of respondents testified that construction of lodges and decrease of hunting activities was the developed activities. Only 17% of respondents reported that handcraft was developed in their area due to the presence of Nyungwe National Park. This means that Nyungwe National Park plays a great importance to the local population because the developed activities which generate income; where they benefit from muchroom crops, this was been put into practice in order to provide to their neighboring population the needs of meat as results of decreasing hunting activities and construction of lodges were been available and beneficial to the owners.

Therefore, the researcher concluded that Nyungwe National Park has reduced the degradation of environment through its developed activities and the increase of income to its surroundings which increase the environmental conservation activities because the dependence on environment is reduced this lead to the achievement of sustainable development in rural area (Kitabi sector) and to the community in general.

4.3.4. Respondents' views on how environmental conservation maintains sustainable

development in rural areas.

Respondents were asked to disclose how environmental conservation could maintain the sustainability of rural areas development. This was accepted by the majority of respondents testifying that environment is a real strategy for sustainable development of rural areas.

Table 4.7: Respondents' views on how environmental conservation maintains sustainabl development in rural areas

Respondents? views/ Responses	Kitabi sector		Total	Percentages
	Kagano cell	Shyaba cell
	Frequency	Frequency
YES	10	11	21	87.5
NO	2	1	3	12.5
Total	12	12	24	100

As indicated by the table 4.7 the majority of respondents 87.5% agreed that the environmental conservation could maintain sustainable development of rural areas especially in Kitabi sector, whereas 12% of respondents denied the role played by the environmental conservation on sustainable development. The reasons which push the majority to confirm the above statement, it is because they depend much on environment and its importance played in their economy where the majority of activities like agriculture, livestock in rural areas are related to the environment.

Therefore, the minority of respondents 12% don?t understand well the role played by the environmental conservation in maintaining sustainable development of rural areas. There should be the sensitization campaign in order to gain these minorities which demand a long time because the achievement of environmental conservation is a process. Once achieved could lead to sustainable development.

4.3.5. Respondents' views on the importance of environmental conservation

Respondents were asked to point out whether they had been taught about the importance of environmental conservation and their source. It means where they found the information about the importance of the environmental conservation.

Source of environmental conservation	Kitabi sector		Total	Percentages
	Kagano cell	Shyaba cell
	Frequency cell	Frequency cell
Local leaders	7	3	10	42
Environmental organizations		1	1	4
From Radio	4	5	9	38
News papers	1		1	4
The employees of Nyungwe National Park	1	2	3	12
Total	13	11	24	100

The table 4.8 indicates that all respondents are aware on the importance of environmental conservation through different sources. Also respondents were requested to reveal the major source of environmental education referring on the statistics found on field, 42% of respondents are educated through the local leaders and 38% of respondents are informed on its importance by local leaders and from Radio. This shows the great contribution of local leaders and Radio hence environmental conservation is taken into consideration by local population because, the two sources are more available to the majority of local population.

Therefore, the Nyungwe National Park (NNP ) is another source which is involved on the environmental education of the respondents and this show the close relationship between the NNP and its neighbors which could be a means of achieving sustainable development in rural areas.

4.3.6. Respondents' views on environmental problem in Kitabi

Within this question, respondents were asked to tell out the problems which they have been faced.

Responses	Kitabi sector		Total	Percentages
	Kagano cell	Shyaba cell
	Frequency cell	Frequency cell
Soil erosion	5	4	9	38
Deforestation	4	3	7	29
Firewood issues	3	2	5	21
Hunting activities	1	2	3	12
Total	13	11	24	100

According to the information gathered on environmental problems faced in Kitabi sector as indicated in table 4.9, 38% of respondents revealed that soil erosion is the main environmental problem and 29% of respondents agreed the problem faced by Kitabi sector is deforestation. This is because of high altitude of the area and high population growth which lead to the soil degradation. Also, 21% of respondents said it?s caused by firewood issues due to the absence of other energy, people prefer to use woods which lead to the deforestation. Therefore, within the creation of Nyungwe forest as National Park these problems have been decreased. Where they had taught to the local population on the use of improved cooking stoves as a means of reducing the degradation of environment. Also this degradation is caused by the poverty of population who depend much on environment and people are unable to the use of other means.

4.3.7. Respondents views about how local populations were allowed in the participation of environmental activities.

The respondents were asked to point out the activities in which they are involved and allowed by the local leaders to participate in environmental activities.

Table 4.10: Respondent's views about how local population was been allowed in the participation of environmental conservation.

Respondents?participation in environmental activities	Kitabi sector		Total	Percentages
	Kagano cell	Shyaba cell
	Frequency cell	Frequency cell
Implementation of government policy regarding environmental law	2	2	4	17
Domestic waste management	3	2	5	21
Participation in decision making concerning environmental conservation	2	2	4	17
Stopping and preventing fire to the park	3	3	6	24
Protection against soil erosion	3	2	5	21
Total	13	11	24	100

From the table 4.10, the majority of respondents were agreed to be allowed and participate in environmental activities. This is explained by 24% of respondents who participate effectively in stopping and preventing fire to the park. Also 21% were accepted to be involved in the protection of soil erosion.

The reason of population participation, it is because of the sensitization campaign made by local leaders, the interest gained from environmental conservation and the laws set by government related to the environmental issues and their participation in decision making is allowed. This means decision is taken with the consensus of local population.

4.3.8. Respondents' views around the Nyungwe National Park on how their economic development changed.

Respondents were asked to disclose what they had gained since they lived around the Nyungwe National park about their economic development change.

Table 4.11: Respondents' views around the Nyungwe National Park about their economic development changes

Responses	Kitabi sector		Total	Percentages
	Kagano cell	Shyaba cell
	Frequency cell	Frequency cell
Improvement of local economy	1	2	3	12
Increase of family income	2	3	5	21
Improvement of health conditions	2	3	5
The good climate due to the permanent rainfall resulted from the NNP Forest our land is protected	6	5	11	46
Total	11	13	24	100

The table 4.11 indicated that the big number of respondents 46% recognized the importance of Nyungwe National Park forest as results of good climate and means of protecting their land against erosion. Also 21% and 12% of respondents are aware on the essence of environmental conservation as a means of increasing their family income, health conditions and local economic progress.

According to above respondents? views it can be asserted that the local populations understand the complementarily between environmental conservation and sustainable development in Kitabi sector. Regarding the environmental conservation the local population agreed that it is a cornerstone which helped to do agricultural activities and find bushes for their domestic animals. This pushes them to strengthen on the implementation of environmental conservation.

4.3.9. Respondents' views on environmental policy and its importance to Rwandan rural areas

Concerning the above statement respondents were asked to say if they had heard environmental policy in their area all 24 respondents agreed its importance divided into different domains as it is mentioned below.

Table 4.12: Respondents' views on environmental policy and its importance to Rwandan

Respondent?s views	Kitabi sector		Total	Percentages
	Kagano cell	Shyaba cell
	Frequency cell	Frequency cell
Economic stability enhance development	1	0	1	4
We obtain fire wood from environment	1	2	3	12
It provides clean water for home use	2	2	4	17
It provides trees for construction	4	3	7	30
We obtain traditional medicine from environment	3	3	6	25
We obtain of air and rain from environment	2	1	3	12
Total	13	11	24	100

From the above table 4.12, the respondents 30% revealed that environmental conservation is a necessity for their daily life because it provides trees for construction that is why the respect of environmental policy from the government is required, which guides how to use environment in effective way without causing its degradation.

Also 25% and 17% of respondents were aware on how environmental conservation is a source of traditional medicine and water for home use. For them its conservation is more important for sustainable development.

Therefore, only 4% of respondents affirmed that economic stability is a result of environmental conservation. It means they know the role played by environmental conservation on economic stability to enhance environmental conservation. At this case, the environmental conservation is still a process and much emphasis is required to put into account.

4.2.10. Benefits from Nyungwe National Park

Table 4.13: 5 FISRKIGFQ7s' v4FZVIERX7 ZER EFQFI47 IERP 11\ XQTZF 11174RQIXBDEk

Respondent?s views	Kitabi sector		Total	Percentages
	Kagano cell	Shyaba cell
	Frequency cell	Frequency cell
The country	2	4	6	25
The tourists	1	2	3	12
The population around the NNP	5	6	11	46
NNP employees	3	1	4	17
Total	11	13	24	100

From the table 4.13 shows that 46% of respondents point out that the most who benefit are the population around NNP. This means that the populations neighboring to the park have the ownership of the park hence environmental conservation is to be achieved. On the other hand the table indicates that 25% and 17% of respondents asserted that the beneficiaries are the NNP employees and the country (all Rwandans).

This is explained by the opportunities that they get from the park like the use of improved cooking stoves, they had been taught on how to cultivate muchroom crops and agroforestary was been put into practice. But there still a hindrance for those who said, the beneficiaries is the NNP employees. Only 12% confirmed that, the beneficiaries are tourists. This may become an obstacle for the conservation of environment; therefore, the local leaders have to put much emphasis by the use of sensitization campaign about the importance of environment.

4.2.11. The linkage between environmental conservation and sustainable development of rural areas.

The population was asked to give their views about the linkage between environmental conservation and sustainable development of rural areas especially in Kitabi sector.

Table 4.14: The respondent's views about the linkage between environmental conservation and sustainable development of rural areas

Respondent?s views	Kitabi sector		Total	Percentages
	Kagano cell	Shyaba cell
	Frequency cell	Frequency cell
Yes	10	9	19	79
No	1	4	5	21
Total	11	13	24	100

According to the table 4.14, the majority of respondents 79% proved their awareness about the linkage between environmental conservation and sustainable development. Only 21% of respondents were not aware on the importance of concerning the environment. This means that local populations recognize the environmental conservation as real basis of achieving sustainable development to the rural areas in Kitabi sector. This can be explained by the implementation of environmental conservation targeting the achievement of sustainability for the future generations.

The reason which pushes the majority to confirm the relationship between environmental conservation and sustainable development is the benefits gained from environment which contributes to the development of their own activities through the tourists who came to visit the park. They benefit from tourism like money of different activities done around the NNP to which is sold to the tourists and employment obtained through the park.

4.4. Qualitative analysis of the data got from the interview with the local leaders of Kitabisector.

With this subsection, the researcher aimed at getting local leaders? views on how they contribute to the environmental conservation as a means of achieving sustainable development in rural areas especially in Kitabi sector.

4.4.1. The role played by the local leaders in environmental conservation for achieving sustainable development in rural areas.

The local leaders argued that, the conservation of the environment is prerequisite for achieving sustainable development in rural areas in which the majority depends on. One of the strategies used by the local leaders is to encourage local population adjacent to the Nyungwe National Park to take part and get involved in the conservation activities, meetings are organized at sector level about the importance of environment.

> Awareness campaign on the sustainability of environmental and natural resources;

> Involvement of local population in decision making and implementation process of environmental conservation;

> Building capacity for planning and implementation of natural resources management activities at grassroots level. Therefore, from these findings the researcher observed that the local leaders have major roles to play in the best environmental conservation and achievement of sustainable development of rural areas especially in Kitabi sector.

4.2.2. Respondents' views on how environmental conservation could be best implemented and lead to sustainable development in rural areas.

Respondents were asked to point out the ways in which environmental conservation can lead to sustainable development of rural areas. The local leaders confirmed that environmental conservation is the best way of sustainable development by the utilization of the following strategies:

> Environmental education, it is argued that, the local leaders needed to be educated enough about environmental conservation and mobilize local people to make self-help project which don?t degrade the environment. It is best when local leaders are educated, they can mobilize the local population. Therefore, from these findings the researcher recommended that environmental education could be extended to the people of grassroots level, this would be a sustainable tool for proper environmental conservation which conducts to sustainable development.

> Protection of flora and fauna, they argued that one of the strategies which lead to sustainable development of rural areas through the outcomes gained from flora and fauna .This must be protected to enhance the environmental conservation for the benefits of the future generation because the achievement of sustainable development requires a long process.

> Forestation, the respondents reveal that, it is necessary to put into account the environmental conservation as a real strategy for achieving sustainable development which consists of planting the plants for the means of protecting against environmental issues.

> The use of improved cooking stoves and radical terraces: the local leaders point out that it is important to use improved cooking stoves which doesn?t degrade the environment and radical terraces which is one of the strategy to protect soil against erosion because Kitabi sector presents several hills and high altitude which are affected to the soil erosion.

4.4.3. Suggested recommendations by the respondents for better environmental conservation as a way of achieving sustainable development in rural areas

Through the above question the respondents have been suggested the following recommendations:

> There should be environmental education among all citizens of Kitabi sector without

> There should be a permanent campaign from the village level to the sector level about environmental conservation

> The fully involvement of local population into environmental activities and sprit of ownership;

> Close collaboration between the Nyungwe National Park and local population for better environmental conservation;

> Put much emphasis on the use of improved cooking stoves for its success. Therefore, within the suggested recommendations by the respondents. The researcher concluded that environment could be a basis of achieving sustainable development in rural areas where the majority depends on.

4.4.4. Linkage Between theories and findings from the field

Basing on the findings there is a strong relationship between theories and results from the field. Both ascertained that environmental conservation is a means of achieving sustainable development in rural areas because the majority depends on. This means that the findings of the study were not different from the arguments of different writers cited in chapter two.

4.5. Verification of the hypothesis

The results of our investigation which enable us to test the hypothesis is based on the research topic the sociological study on environmental conservation as a means of achieving sustainable development in Rwandan rural areas of Kitabi sector.

Therefore, through the information got from respondents the hypothesis which is «the environmental conservation is a real basis of achieving sustainable development to the rural areas in Kitabi sector». It is confirmed to be true. This means that the researcher failed to reject the hypothesis because the respondents were affirmed the great importance played by environmental conservation for achieving sustainable development in rural areas especially in Kitabi sector. This confirmation is testified to the extent of 79% of respondents who agreed the linkage between environmental conservation and sustainable development, also 87.5% of respondents accepted that environmental conservation could maintain the sustainability of rural areas.

CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH

This chapter presents the conclusion that is in line with the objective of study. It also provides recommendations in the regard notably concerning the future policy and strategies that can lead to the environmental conservation to enhance sustainable development in rural areas especially in Kitabi sector. At the end of this chapter, suggestions for further research are also presented.

5.1. Conclusion

This section discusses the results of the findings of the study that were presented, analyzed and interpreted in accordance with the objectives and hypothesis of the study are based on the views of 24 respondents. In order to get accurate data, qualitative method was used. This was done hand in hand with the use of techniques, where questionnaire have been employed to the local population representing the whole population and interview were addressed to the local leaders of Kitabi sector.

The roles played by environmental conservation were been proved by the majority of respondents as the real basis for achieving sustainable development in rural areas especially Kitabi sector.

However, due to the high altitude and status of population, the environment is degraded because of the cited factors like soil erosion, deforestation, firewood issues and hunting activities in the park. Within these environmental education, protection of flora and fauna, forestation and the use of improved cooking stoves and radical terraces for proper management of environment.

Therefore, it is could concluded that the environmental conservation is prerequisite to the achievement of sustainable development in rural areas where the majority depend on.

5.2. Recommendations

In the views of the findings and conclusion drawn from the study the researcher presents the following recommendations:

5.3. Suggestions for further research

This research could not cover all sectors of Nyamagabe district due to the time and resources at disposal of the researcher. The research study was limited only on Kitabi sector, further research could emphasize on the remaining sectors.

REFERENCES

REPORTS

APPENDICES

I am a student of National University of Rwanda, Faculty of Arts, Media and Social Sciences, Department of Social Sciences, in the Option of Sociology and I am doing a dissertation entitled «The Sociological study on Environmental conservation as a means of achieving sustainable development in rural areas in Rwanda.»

I kindly request you to fill in this questionnaire to help in this academic research and the responses given will be confidential.

Shyira akamenyetso (v) ku gisubizo wifuza cyangwa igitekerezo cyawe. SECTION I: IDENTIFICATION OF RESPONDENTS

II. INTERVIEW GUIDE ADDRESSED TO THE LOCAL LEADERS OF KITABI 6( &7 2 5 G(IEiErzaGE rT1-)1-Z1-GrEr aEaiiGE'X13 XI1-)T1-GZrGKitrEi)

1. Describe the role played by the local leaders in environmental conservation for achieving sustainable development in rural areas.(Wambwira uruhare rw'abayobozi b'inzego z'ibanze mu kurengera ibidukikije kugira ngo habeho iterambere rirambye mu cyaro?)

2. Do you think environmental conservation can lead to the sustainable development in rural areas?(Utekereza ko kurengera ibidukikije byatuma habaho iterambere rirambye ry'icyaro?)

3. Do you think it?s necessary to involve local population in environmental conservation?(Utekereza ko ari ngombwa kwifashisha abaturage mu kurengera ibidukikije?)

III. QUESTIONNAIRE ADDRESSED TO THE LOCAL POPULATION OF KITABI SECTOR ( IBIBAZO BIGENEWE ABATURAGE B'UMURENGE WA KITABI)

1. How do you understand the environmental conservation and sustainable development in your areas ? Discuss its indicators (Wumva gute kubijyanye no kurengera ibidukikije n'iterambere rirambye aho utuye ? vuga ibibiranga)

B. Indicators of sustainable development ( ibigaragaza iterambere rirambye)

2. What are the impacts of environmental conservation on sustainable development? ( N'izihe ngaruka zo kurengera ibidukikije kw'iterambere rirambye)

3. Is there any activities developed through the presence of NNP (Ese hari ibikorwa byaba byarateye imbere kubera parike ya Nyungwe) ?

4. Could you think the environmental conservation maintain the sustainability of rural areas development? (Utekereza ko kurengera ibidukikije byakomeza iterambere ry'ibyaro?)

5. Have you ever been taught anything about the importance of environmental conservation? (Waba warigeze kwigishwa ku byerekeye akamaro ko kurengera ibidukikije?)

6. Do you experience any environment related problems in your area? (Hari ibibazo uzi bishingiye kutarengera no kutarengera ibidukikije mugace utuyemo?)

7. Do the local leaders in your area involve and allow you to participate in environmental activities? (Ese abayobozi b'inzego z'ibanze babemerera kugira uruhare mu bikorwa byo kurengera ibidukikije?)

i .Implementation of governmental policy regarding environmental law(gushyira mu bikorwa gahunda za leta zigendanye n'ibidukikije)

iii .Stopping and preventing the fire to the park( guhagarika gutwika muri parike)

8. Is there a linkage between environmental conservation and sustainable development of rural areas?(Ese ubona hari ihuriro hagati yo kurengera ibidukikije n'iterambere rirambye ry'ibyaro?)

9. Ever since you stayed here around the Nyungwe National Park, has your economic development changed positively? (Kuva mwatura hano hafi na Pariki hari ubwo ubukungu bwanyu bwiyongera bugatera imbere kubera yo?)

10. Have you heard about environmental policy in Rwandan rural areas? (Waba warumvise ibijyanye na politike yo kurengera ibidukikije mu byaro byo mu Rwanda?)

c. If yes, how important do you think environmental policy in Rwandan rural areas? (Niba ari yego ubona ari akahe kamaro ka politike yo kurengera ibidukikije mu byaro byo mu Rwanda?)

i. Economic stability to enhance development ( ubukungu buhamye bwongereaiterambera)

iii .It provides clean water for home use( itanga amazi meza yo gukoresha mungo)

v.We obtain traditional medicine from environmental conservation( tubona imiti ya gakondo ivuye mu kurengera ibidukikije)

vi. The obtention of air and rain from environment (itanga imvura n'amahumbezi)

11. According to you, for whom does the Nyungwe National Park bring the benefit? (Kuri wowe, ni nde parike ya Nyungwe ifitiye inyungu?)

12. Suggest recommendations for better environmental conservation as a way of achieving sustainable development in rural areas.(Sobanura ingamba zafatwa mu kurengera ibidukikije nk'uburyo bwo kugera ku iterambere rirambye mu byaro?)

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The sociological study on environmental conservation as a means of achieving sustainable development in rural areas in Rwanda