BIBLIOGRAPHIE
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Evans, D., A. Tandon, C. Murray et J. A. Lauer 2001,
«Comparative efficiency of national health systems: cross national
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Fried, H., C.A Knox Lovell et S. Schmidt 2008, «The
measurement of productive efficiency and productivity growth,» Oxford
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Greene, W. 2004b, «Distinguishing between heterogeneity
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Greene, W.
2005 «The Econometric Approach to Efficiency Analysis,» Department of
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Greene, W. 2008 «A Stochastic Frontier Model with
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Grubaugh G. et E. Santerre 1994, «Comparing the
Performance of Health Care Systems: An Alternative Approach,» Southern
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Hollingsworth, B. et J. Wildman 2003, «The efficiency of
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Jondrow, J., c.a. Knox Lovell et P. Schmidt 1982, «On the
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Kumbhakar, S. 1990, «Production frontiers, panel data,
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Murray, C. et al. 2000 «Overall health system achievement
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Mondiale de la Santé.
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santé dans le monde 1999 : pour un réel changement,»
Genève, Organisation Mondiale de la Santé
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santé dans le monde 2000 : pour un système de santé plus
performant,» Genève, Organisation Mondiale de la Santé
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santé dans le monde 2006 : Travailler ensemble pour la
santé,» Genève, Organisation Mondiale de la Santé
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santé dans le monde 2008 : Les soins de santé primaires:
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Organisation Mondiale de la Santé 2009 " World
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Organisation Mondiale de la Santé
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Rapport du GESI sur l'évaluation de la performance des
systèmes de santé 2001
Rosko, M, 2001 «Cost efficiency of us hospitals: a
stochastic frontier approach» michael d. school of business
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Shaw, W., C. Horrace, J. Vogel 2005, «The Determinants of
Life Expectancy: An Analysis of the OECD Health Data» Southern Economic
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Sherman, D. «Hospital Efficiency Measurement and
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Estimation of the Effects of Exogenous Variables on Technical Efficiency
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Healthcare: A Review of Empirical Techniques and Selected Applications»
School of Economics and Finance.
ANNEXES
I Tests de robustesse
Spécification de wang (2002)
|
frontwangHALE
|
frontwangmortage5
|
|
frontier
|
frontier
|
|
coef/se
|
coef/se
|
|
Hexp
|
0,050***
|
-0,220***
|
|
(0,009)
|
(0,027)
|
|
lnphys1000
|
0,017**
|
-0,122***
|
|
(0,007)
|
(0,022)
|
|
LITYTOT
|
0,002***
|
-0,009***
|
|
(0,000)
|
(0,001)
|
|
prevHIV
|
-0,012***
|
0,021***
|
|
(0,001)
|
(0,004)
|
|
trend
|
-0,001
|
-0,012**
|
|
(0,002)
|
(0,006)
|
|
EASTASIA
|
0,014
|
0,101
|
|
(0,034)
|
(0,104)
|
|
EUROPE
|
0,008
|
-0,150
|
|
(0,033)
|
(0,102)
|
|
LATAMER
|
0,038
|
0,031
|
|
(0,031)
|
(0,093)
|
|
MIDEAST
|
-0,027
|
0,320***
|
|
(0,035)
|
(0,106)
|
|
SOUASIA
|
0,042
|
0,200*
|
|
(0,036)
|
(0,112)
|
|
SUBAFR
|
-0,120***
|
0,383***
|
|
(0,035)
|
(0,108)
|
|
_cons
|
7,862
|
8,837***
|
|
|
(0,261)
|
|
mu
|
|
|
|
POPDEN
|
-0,000
|
0,000***
|
|
(0,000)
|
(0,000)
|
|
GINI
|
0,172**
|
-0,770***
|
|
(0,081)
|
(0,249)
|
|
CPI
|
-0,001
|
0,183***
|
|
(0,005)
|
(0,015)
|
|
GOVERN
|
0,001
|
0,035
|
|
(0,013)
|
(0,040)
|
|
PROPR
|
0,020**
|
-0,083***
|
|
(0,008)
|
(0,026)
|
|
OILEXP
|
-0,060***
|
0,256***
|
|
(0,021)
|
(0,064)
|
|
ETHNFR
|
0,003
|
-0,168**
|
|
(0,024)
|
(0,075)
|
|
DISTOCDE
|
0,000*
|
-0,000***
|
|
(0,000)
|
(0,000)
|
|
LINOCDE
|
-0,011
|
0,041
|
|
(0,012)
|
(0,037)
|
|
MEDBD
|
-0,098*
|
0,674***
|
|
(0,054)
|
(0,167)
|
|
_cons
|
4,138***
|
3,163
|
|
(0,083)
|
|
|
usigmas
|
|
|
|
POPDEN
|
-0,000
|
-0,000
|
|
(118,343)
|
(970,836)
|
|
GINI
|
-0,000
|
-0,000
|
|
|
|
|
CPI
|
-0,000
|
0,000
|
|
(273 332,843)
|
|
|
GOVERN
|
-0,000
|
-0,000
|
|
(380 191,957)
|
|
|
PROPR
|
-0,000
|
-0,000
|
|
(469 386,200)
|
|
|
OILEXP
|
-0,000
|
-0,000
|
|
(488 862,884)
|
(5 768 525,501)
|
|
ETHNFR
|
-0,000
|
-0,000
|
|
|
(20 556 003,587)
|
|
DISTOCDE
|
-0,000
|
-0,000
|
|
(160,859)
|
(2 388,001)
|
|
LINOCDE
|
-0,000
|
-0,000
|
|
|
|
|
MEDBD
|
0,000
|
0,000
|
|
|
(43 515 718,002)
|
|
_cons
|
-32,000
|
-32,000
|
|
(1 535 728,830)
|
|
|
/vsigmas
|
-4,629***
|
-1,946***
|
|
(0,075)
|
(0,049)
|
|
|
|
|
Log-Likelihood
|
590,56
|
-375,08
|
|
note: *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
|
|
Restriction d'echantillon
|
frontHALEcontInefocde
|
frontlnmortage5contINocde
|
|
lnHALE
|
lnmortage5
|
|
Hexp
|
0,032***
|
-0,226***
|
|
(0,006)
|
(0,047)
|
|
lnphys1000
|
-0,004
|
-0,057***
|
|
(0,005)
|
(0,019)
|
|
LITYTOT
|
0,003***
|
-0,009***
|
|
(0,000)
|
(0,001)
|
|
prevHIV
|
-0,017***
|
0,033***
|
|
(0,001)
|
(0,003)
|
|
trend
|
-0,003**
|
0,002
|
|
(0,001)
|
(0,006)
|
|
_cons
|
3,705***
|
6,255***
|
|
(0,038)
|
(0,190)
|
|
mu
|
|
|
|
lnREVENU
|
-0,125***
|
0,251***
|
|
(0,016)
|
(0,061)
|
|
POPDEN
|
-0,000***
|
0,000***
|
|
(0,000)
|
(0,000)
|
|
ratiopubpriv
|
0,009
|
-0,056**
|
|
(0,008)
|
(0,023)
|
|
GINI
|
0,528***
|
-0,562**
|
|
(0,119)
|
(0,230)
|
|
REGUL
|
0,040**
|
-0,067**
|
|
(0,018)
|
(0,034)
|
|
CPI
|
0,023**
|
0,060***
|
|
(0,010)
|
(0,017)
|
|
GOVERN
|
0,022
|
-0,072
|
|
(0,022)
|
(0,051)
|
|
PROPR
|
0,032**
|
-0,066**
|
|
(0,013)
|
(0,029)
|
|
OILEXP
|
-0,047
|
-0,176**
|
|
(0,032)
|
(0,084)
|
|
ETHNFR
|
0,022
|
-0,260***
|
|
(0,045)
|
(0,083)
|
|
DISTOCDE
|
0,000***
|
-0,000***
|
|
(0,000)
|
(0,000)
|
|
LINOCDE
|
0,026
|
-0,201***
|
|
(0,017)
|
(0,036)
|
|
MEDBD
|
0,075
|
0,445***
|
|
(0,076)
|
(0,165)
|
|
_cons
|
0,368**
|
-0,385
|
|
(0,156)
|
(0,471)
|
|
/ilgtgamma
|
1,125***
|
-3,137
|
|
(0,244)
|
|
|
/lnsigma2
|
-4,673***
|
-2,254***
|
|
(0,108)
|
(0,059)
|
|
Log-Likelihood
|
565,41
|
-144,49
|
|
ll_c
|
473,439
|
-338,139
|
|
sigma_u
|
0,084
|
0,066
|
|
sigma_v
|
0,048
|
0,317
|
|
p
|
0,000
|
0,000
|
|
chi2_c
|
183,937
|
387,309
|
|
note: *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
|
|
III Ajout des contrôles
|
frontHALEcontInefcont
|
frontlnmortage5contINcont
|
|
lnHALE
|
lnmortage5
|
|
Hexp
|
0,043***
|
0,048**
|
|
(0,006)
|
(0,021)
|
|
lnphys1000
|
-0,017*
|
0,039***
|
|
(0,009)
|
(0,012)
|
|
LITYTOT
|
0,003***
|
-0,006***
|
|
(0,001)
|
(0,000)
|
|
prevHIV
|
-0,007***
|
0,001
|
|
(0,001)
|
(0,004)
|
|
trend
|
-0,004**
|
-0,012**
|
|
(0,002)
|
(0,005)
|
|
EASTASIA
|
-0,009
|
0,054
|
|
(0,038)
|
(0,097)
|
|
EUROPE
|
-0,029
|
-0,353***
|
|
(0,037)
|
(0,113)
|
|
LATAMER
|
-0,001
|
-0,276***
|
|
(0,036)
|
(0,094)
|
|
MIDEAST
|
-0,023
|
-0,030
|
|
(0,045)
|
(0,116)
|
|
SOUASIA
|
-0,049
|
-0,095
|
|
(0,044)
|
(0,094)
|
|
SUBAFR
|
-0,108***
|
0,468***
|
|
(0,041)
|
(0,096)
|
|
lnREVENU
|
-0,146***
|
0,705***
|
|
(0,022)
|
(0,042)
|
|
POPDEN
|
-0,000***
|
0,000***
|
|
(0,000)
|
(0,000)
|
|
_cons
|
3,706***
|
5,384
|
|
(0,069)
|
|
|
mu
|
|
|
|
ratiopubpriv
|
0,029***
|
-0,067***
|
|
(0,010)
|
(0,023)
|
|
GINI
|
0,616***
|
-1,560***
|
|
(0,148)
|
(0,251)
|
|
REGUL
|
0,057***
|
-0,107***
|
|
(0,021)
|
(0,039)
|
|
CPI
|
0,039***
|
0,057***
|
|
(0,010)
|
(0,018)
|
|
GOVERN
|
-0,059**
|
0,077
|
|
(0,026)
|
(0,056)
|
|
PROPR
|
0,006
|
-0,074**
|
|
(0,014)
|
(0,030)
|
|
OILEXP
|
-0,045
|
-0,113
|
|
(0,037)
|
(0,090)
|
|
ETHNFR
|
-0,289***
|
-0,062
|
|
(0,061)
|
(0,090)
|
|
DISTOCDE
|
0,000***
|
-0,000***
|
|
(0,000)
|
(0,000)
|
|
LINOCDE
|
0,074***
|
-0,068
|
|
(0,023)
|
(0,044)
|
|
MEDBD
|
0,217**
|
0,854***
|
|
(0,106)
|
(0,202)
|
|
finext
|
0,000
|
-0,459***
|
|
(0,024)
|
(0,122)
|
|
fdicaptr
|
-0,016
|
-0,071
|
|
(0,021)
|
(0,045)
|
|
salairerel
|
435,480***
|
|
|
(144,029)
|
|
|
_cons
|
0,784***
|
-3,712***
|
|
(0,205)
|
(0,415)
|
|
/ilgtgamma
|
0,690*
|
29,961
|
|
(0,373)
|
(111,122)
|
|
/lnsigma2
|
-4,769***
|
-2,105***
|
|
(0,120)
|
(0,035)
|
|
Log-Likelihood
|
412,82
|
-61,54
|
|
ll_c
|
347,874
|
-430,681
|
|
sigma_u
|
0,075
|
0,349
|
|
sigma_v
|
0,053
|
0,000
|
|
p
|
0,000
|
0,000
|
|
chi2_c
|
129,894
|
738,285
|
|
note: *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1
|
|
2 Liste des pays:
|
Liste de pays
|
|
Albania
|
|
Latvia
|
|
Algeria
|
|
Lebanon
|
|
Andorra
|
|
Lesotho
|
|
Angola
|
|
Liberia
|
|
Antigua
|
|
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
|
|
Argentina
|
|
Lithuania
|
|
Armenia
|
|
Luxembourg
|
|
Australia
|
|
Madagascar
|
|
Austria
|
|
Malawi
|
|
Azerbaijan
|
|
Malaysia
|
|
Bahamas
|
|
Maldives
|
|
Bahrain
|
|
Mali
|
|
Bangladesh
|
|
Malta
|
|
Barbados
|
|
Marshall Islands
|
|
Belarus
|
|
Mauritania
|
|
Belgium
|
|
Mauritius
|
|
Belize
|
|
Mexico
|
|
Benin
|
|
Micronesia (Federated States of)
|
|
Bhutan
|
|
Mongolia
|
|
Bolivia
|
|
Morocco
|
|
Bosnia and Herzegovina
|
Mozambique
|
|
Botswana
|
|
Myanmar
|
|
Brazil
|
|
Namibia
|
|
Brunei Darussalam
|
Nepal
|
|
Bulgaria
|
|
Netherlands
|
|
Burkina Faso
|
New Zealand
|
|
Burundi
|
|
Nicaragua
|
|
Cambodia
|
|
Niger
|
|
Cameroon
|
|
Nigeria
|
|
Canada
|
|
Norway
|
|
Cape Verde
|
|
Oman
|
|
Central African Republic
|
Pakistan
|
|
Chad
|
|
Palau
|
|
Chile
|
|
Panama
|
|
China
|
|
Papua New Guinea
|
|
Colombia
|
|
Paraguay
|
|
Comoros
|
|
Peru
|
|
Congo
|
|
Philippines
|
|
Costa Rica
|
|
Poland
|
|
Cote d'Ivoire
|
Portugal
|
|
Croatia
|
|
Qatar
|
|
Cuba
|
|
Republic of Moldova
|
|
Cyprus
|
|
Romania
|
|
Czech Republic
|
Russian Federation
|
|
Democratic People's Republic of Korea
|
Rwanda
|
|
Democratic Republic of the Congo
|
Saint Kitts and Nevis
|
|
Denmark
|
|
Saint Lucia
|
|
Djibouti
|
|
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
|
|
Dominica
|
|
Samoa
|
|
Dominican Republic
|
San Marino
|
|
Ecuador
|
|
Sao Tome and Principe
|
|
Egypt
|
|
Saudi Arabia
|
|
El Salvador
|
|
Senegal
|
|
Equatorial Guinea
|
Serbia
|
|
Eritrea
|
|
Seychelles
|
|
Estonia
|
|
Sierra Leone
|
|
Ethiopia
|
|
Singapore
|
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Fiji
|
|
Slovakia
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Finland
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|
Slovenia
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France
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|
Solomon Islands
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Gabon
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Somalia
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Gambia
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South Africa
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Georgia
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Spain
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Germany
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Sri Lanka
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Ghana
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Sudan
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Greece
|
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Suriname
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Grenada
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Swaziland
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Guatemala
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|
Sweden
|
|
Guinea
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Switzerland
|
|
Guinea-Bissau
|
Syrian Arab Republic
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Guyana
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Tajikistan
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Haiti
|
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The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedon
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Honduras
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Togo
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Hungary
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Tonga
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|
Iceland
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|
Trinidad and Tobago
|
|
India
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|
Tunisia
|
|
Indonesia
|
|
Turkey
|
|
Iran (Islamic Republic of)
|
Turkmenistan
|
|
Iraq
|
|
Uganda
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|
Ireland
|
|
Ukraine
|
|
Israel
|
|
United Arab Emirates
|
|
Italy
|
|
United Kingdom
|
|
Jamaica
|
|
United Republic of Tanzania
|
|
Japan
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|
United States of America
|
|
Jordan
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|
Uruguay
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|
Kazakhstan
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|
Uzbekistan
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|
Kenya
|
|
Vanuatu
|
|
Kiribati
|
|
Venezuela
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|
Kuwait
|
|
Viet Nam
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|
Kyrgyzstan
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|
Yemen
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|
Lao People's Democratic Republic
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Zambia
|
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Zimbabwe
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