1.3. Literature Review
Inspired by Flyvbjerg, Winkler suggests that selecting an
appropriate theoretical approach for
a stud y depends on the problem under study (Winkler,
2006: 3). This stud y dealt with the social injustices that a group of
people living in the inner-city of Johannesburg face, namely refugees and
asylum seekers, from other African countries. For this reason, my
literature review for this stud y was drawn from a wide range of theories,
literatures, and practices used
in the social sciences, including from disciplines such as:
sociology, anthropology, cultural
and gender studies, migration studies, and urban studies,
in order to address specific
Johannesburg urban planning issues on forced migration. I
referred also to international
legislation to define terms such as `refugee' and to illustrate
the South African current failure with respect to the rights of FMs.
My literature review in this study is divided into three
main sections: the first section deals with the concept of `forced
migration'; the second section tries to link notions of planning with
those of forced migration; and the third section focuses on civil
society, planning, and power relations.
1.3.1. The Concept of `Forced Migration'
The aim of this section consists of defining `forced migration'
and listing different categories
of FMs. My definition of `forced migration' came from Turton,
who usually links this term with processes of social and economic change
(Turton, 2003); while my categorisation of FMs is based on the 1951 United
Nations (UN) Convention relating to the status of refugees,
the 1969 Organisation of the African Unity (OAU) Convention
governing the specific aspects
of refugees in Africa, the 1984 Cartagena Declaration for the
Central American Region, and
on Turton's (2003) book.
In the South African context, I shortly refer to the
national legislations such as the 1998
Refugee Act and the 1995 Aliens Control Act, in
order to explain how the national government, through the Ministry of
Home Affairs, has dealt with refugees and how refugee matters are currently
legislated.
1.3.2. Planning and Forced Migration
Through this section, various writings which link planning
with forced migration issue are
reviewed; and, based on scholars such as Rawls (1971), Harvey
(1973), Campbell (1988), and Oelofse (2003), this section will also gave an
overview of the notions of justice, social justice and the `just city'
(Fainstein, 2005).
With regard to the notion of justice, it is important
to know that this study used an administrative approach or understanding
of the term `social justice', seeking to show how CSOs may use their
power to `force' the government to respect the basic rights of
forced
migrants. In this section, Rawls' famous book Theory of
Justice (1971) is reviewed in order to
understand what he calls Justice as Fairness, and his
two principles of justice (the principle of equality and the principle of
difference), which are the foundation of his conceptualisation of social
justice. Harvey's (1973) book Social Justice and the City helped me to
understand his conceptualisation of justice as efficiency, and the
relationship that he establishes between social justice and efficiency
because, according to him, social justice and efficiency are
interrelated (Harvey, 1973).
Oelofse's (2003) conceptualisation of justice as equalit y is
also reviewed based on one of his articles on Social Justice, Social
Integration, and Compact City. It is important to know that Oelofse's
idea of justice is based on some normative values such as
non-discrimination, fairness, integration, and empowerment.
At the end of this section, there is a review of Fainstein's
conceptualisation of the `just city' which, in Cities and Diversity
(2005), she defines in terms of democracy, equality, diversity, growth
and sustainability. It is important to emphasise that her
conceptualisation of the just city is based partly on Fisher's (1990)
populist idea of participation, on Rawls and Friedman's conceptualisations of
equality; and on Young (1990), Healy (1996), and Sandercock's (1998)
conceptualisation of diversity.
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