Impact of one cup of milk per child program on school dropout in Huye district

2 .3 Conceptual framework

A conceptual framework represents the relationship between variables in the study diagrammatically. The factors that influence the school dropout within Huye district are illustrated in Figure 2.1 below.

· Dependent variables

The dependent variable is the school level of dropout which is affected positively or negatively by different variables including school level, household level, and community level factors.

· Independent variables

The independent variables that can affect positively or negatively the levels of dropout are: the illiteracy of child's parents, child's family poverty, long distance from school, failure or repetition, etc.

Figure 2 Conceptual Framework between Level of dropout and factors affecting it

The Illiteracy of child's parents

Corporal punishment of children at schools

Primary School dropout level.

Child's family poverty

Child employment

Distance of child's household from the school

Repetition of failure of children

Source: Author

3.4 Geographical location of huye district

HUYE district is located in southern province of Rwanda.

Figure 3 Geographical location of Huye district

Source: Arc GIS

The district of Huye is located in the southern province of the Republic of Rwanda, whereby it is known as one of advanced regions in education industry of Rwanda. This district is the one which recognized the existence of the first University to be in Rwanda since 1963. Besides this Huye district has known famous schools in secondary studies as well as in primary learning. Basing on the intention the researcher in conducting this research, Huye district currently is employing 1100 teachers within primary schools who are counted within only 98 primary schools which are under the supervision of the director in charge of education within the district.

Certain schools are located in urban areas whereas others are found in rural areas of Huye district.

3.5 Population study, Sample size and Sampling techniques

3.5.1 Target population.

Grinnell et al (1990) defined population as the totality of persons or objects concerned with the study. Manheim & Rich (1995) define population as a set cases about which one wishes to draw some conclusions. In this research the populations are all primary schools of Huye.

The sample survey will be applied on selected schools with and without the program of one cup of milk per child in HUYE district. The population sample which will be used in the research was 60 teachers as well as headmasters from selected schools in Huye district. The researcher will collect data from the sample by using questionnaires and interviews.

3.5.2 Sampling design

Sampling is concerned with the selection of a subset of individuals from within a statistical population to estimate characteristics of the whole population.

MARK .L. and David (1990) state that it is usually too time consuming, costly cumbersome and insufficient to motivate, do or obtain a complete census or count of the target population. Thus, the researcher decides it is his goal to make inferences about the entire population inclusive in the research study. However though a necessary evil, this is contrary to some scholars as they ideally feel that the whole population should be used to get the information for the researcher.

A sample design is a definite plan for obtaining a sample from a given population. It refers to the technique or the procedure the researcher adopted in selecting items for the sample.

Berman (2006) provided the advantages of sampling population are:

· The likelihood that it will cost less to sample than to do a census, why ask all people within primary schools Huye, when you can reliably get what you need to know by asking a few among them?

· The possibility of greater accuracy

· The greater speed of data collection

· The time management

3.5.3 Sample size determination

3.5.4 Sample selection

From the population of 98 primary schools of Huye, 4 schools were selected.

To ensure that all people were equally represented, the researcher used proportional stratified sampling as shown in table below as a result 60 teachers in selected primary schools were selected at 95% of confidence level.

Table 3.1:

Table 3 Sample selection

Schools	With the program		Without the program		Total
	1	2	3	4
Teachers	18	16	10	16	60
Headmaster/ head teacher	1	1	1	1	4

Source: Author