Abstract
This study was carried out from February to July 2006 in
Santchou Sub-Division. In order to characterize flood ponds of the Mbô
plain in relation with their environment, these objectives were defined:
describe the site of flood ponds, study the flood pond's functioning and
finally establish the relationship between the production of ponds and their
environment. An active participation of diverse activities emphasizes by a
questionnaire helped us to collect information on the fish farmers. Sites were
delimited following to the vegetation and the location of ponds in the village.
The dimensions of ponds were measured and the plant species around the pond
identified. Through active participation, activities make up by fish farmer in
the ponds were noted. A plan showing the relationship between pond's production
and their environment was established. The results of this study show that in
the Mbô plain they are twelve sites located in four villages of Santchou
town (Fongwan, Mbongo Tawang and Nteingué). These sites are flooded by
Ménoua (50%), Nkam (25%) or a stream (25%). These sites were regrouping
576 ponds, 25.35% of which in activity and 71% in rehabilitation. Four types of
vegetation were covering the sites: forest, coffee plantation, farm land and
meadow. The ponds were digging on sandy clay depressions and are inundated for
eight months per year. Stocking of ponds with fish was solely (100%) by water
floods. The activities of fish farmers include: digging, monitoring, harvesting
and construction of fish's shelters. These ponds are too small (average surface
39,04#177; 43 m2 and average depth 1,67#177; 05 m) and had vertical
bank without shallow and draining channels. Generally fish farmer were using
family manpower for all activities on the ponds. The fish's shelters can be the
tree trunks hallow out, the hole in bank or arrangement of tree's branches. The
harvest often starting on with ritual and continues by manual water draining
using buckets. The species harvested are Oreochromis niloticus Clarias
gariepinus and Clarias jaensis. Among these, Clarias was
abundant (95. 8%). A yield of 414.68 kg /100m2 was obtained for 74
ponds in 2006. The harvest was both sold, both consumed by familial members,
both shared. Analysis show a positive correlation between yield with time of
water rise(R=0.28), depth of water rise (R=0.19), number of shelters in the
pond (R=0.2) and difference in altitude between site/river (R=0.37). The forest
yields (485.34 kg/100m2) were higher than yields under the other
vegetations. Plants species is not only fish's food but principally constitute
an indicator of site hydrology.
Chapitre I INTRODUCTION
I.1. Contexte de l'étude
L'insécurité alimentaire est l'un des
problèmes majeurs pour les pays Africains (Nathanaël et
al, 1998). La FAO (1999) déclare qu'environ 828 millions de
personnes dans le monde souffrent de la malnutrition due à une carence
en protéines (surtout d'origine animale) dans l'alimentation. Pour
établir l'équilibre alimentaire des populations, FAO (2006) pense
que l'intensification et la diversification des systèmes de production
permettraient de faire face à ce problème. La pisciculture est
donc proposée comme une alternative prometteuse pour augmenter la
disponibilité de protéine surtout en zones rurales africaines.
Cependant sur 59,4 million de tonnes de poissons produits dans le monde en
2004(pêche et aquaculture), l'Afrique n'avait contribué que pour
1,1 % dont 1,6 % venant de l'aquaculture (FAO, 2006). Le manque d'alevins et
surtout le coût élevé de l'aliment en demeurent les
principales causes à la faible production piscole (Pouomogne, 2005). En
plus, l'inadéquation entre les milieux et les techniques
préconisées par l'agent vulgarisateur (Ajaga Nji et al,
1990) constitue un autre handicap pour l'expansion de la pisciculture en
Afrique et au Cameroun en particulier. Pour maintenir (voire améliorer)
la consommation de 6,6 kg de poisson par an et par habitant d'ici 2015, la FAO
(2006) pense que les pays africains doivent entre autre prendre en compte la
pisciculture rurale et peri-urbaine afin d'augmenter leur production aquacole
d'au moins 28%.
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