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Overviews of humanitarian and early recovery coordination, funding mechanisms and strategies in Zimbabwe( Télécharger le fichier original )par Vedaste Kalima International Research and Studies Institute in International and European Relations ,Florida,USA - Stage Report, PhD 2010 |
International Research and Studies Institute in International and European Relations (IRERIE) LLC Florida Department of State (USA) - Registration number
N°H090001721903Crusader House,
info@irerie.org Overviews of Humanitarian and Early Recovery Coordination, Funding Mechanisms and Strategies in Zimbabwe STAGE REPORT Presented by: Vedaste Kalima, PhD, Political Sciences/ International Relations Supervisor: Bernard MTONGA, PhD, Early Recovery Advisor, Office of the United Nations Resident and Humanitarian Coordinator, United Nations Inter Agency Support Unit, Zimbabwe
Harare, October 2010 CONTENTS Acronyms and Abbreviations 4 0. Introduction 7
2.1 The Main humanitarian and Early Recovery stakeholders 14 2.1.1 The Government of Zimbabwe 14 2.1.2 Provincial and district level partners 14 2.1.3 The Humanitarian and UN Country Team 14 2.1.4 The Clusters 15 2.2 Humanitarian and Early Recovery Assessments: Linkage to the Action 15 2.3 Needs Assessments 16 2.4 Organisation's presence 17
References 40 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ACF Action Contre La Faim - Action Against Hunger ADRA Zimbabwe Adventist Development and Relief Agency - Zimbabwe AIDS Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome BCPR Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recover BEAM Basic Education Assistance Module CAP Consolidated Appeal / Consolidated Appeal Process CARE Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere CERF Central Emergency Response Fund CESVI Cooperazione E Sviluppo - Cooperation and Development (Italian NGO) CFSAM Crop and Food Security Assessment Mission CHAP Common Humanitarian Actions Plan CMAM community-based management of acute malnutrition CONCERN Concern Worldwide CPU Civil Protection Unit CRS Catholic Relief Services CSO Central Statistical Office DCP Department of Civil Protection DHS Demographic and Health Survey DOCO United Nations Development Operations Coordination Office ECHO European Commission - Humanitarian Aid & Civil Protection EMNOC emergency obstetric and neonatal care ERF Emergency Response Fund FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FEWSNET Famine Early Warning System Network FNC Food and Nutrition Council GBV gender-based violence GDF Government Development Forum GDP Gross domestic product per capita GHI Global Hunger Index GMB Grain Marketing Board GNA Global Needs Assessment GNU Government of National Unity GOAL (not an acronym - an Irish NGO) GoZ Government of Zimbabwe GOZ Government of Zimbabwe GPA Global Political Agreement HC Humanitarian Coordinator HCT Humanitarian Country Team HDR Human Development Report HERU Health Emergency Response Units HIV human immunodeficiency virus HST Humanitarian Support Team IASC Inter-agency Standing Committee ICF inter-cluster forum ICRC International Committee of Red Cross IDPs internally displaced people IDPs Internally Displaced persons IFRC International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent IMC International Medical Corps IMF International Monetary Funds INGO International Non -Government Organization IOM International Organization for Migration IRC International Rescue Committee IREIRE Institut de Recherches et d'Enseignement supérieur en Relations Internationales et Européennes IRT International Relief Teams ISL Integrated Sustainable Livelihoods JROA Joint Recovery Opportunity Assessment LICI Economic Livelihoods, Infrastructure and Institutional Capacity-Building MDC Movement for Democratic Change MDG Millennium Development Goals MDTF Multi-Donor Trust Fund MIMS Multiple Indicator Monitoring Survey MLGUD Ministry of Local Governance and Urban Development MoAMID Ministry of Agriculture, Mechanization and Irrigation Development MoHCW Ministry of Health and Child Welfare MoLSS Ministry of Labour and Social Services MRIIC Ministry of Regional Integration and International Cooperation MT metric ton(s) MTP Medium Term Plan MYR Mid-Year Review MYR Mid-Year Review NAF Needs assessment Framework NANGO National Association of Non-Governmental Organizations NEAB National Education Advisory board NFI non-food items NGO Non Governmental Organizations NID national immunization days NNGO National Non -Government Organization OCHA Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs OVC orphans and vulnerable children OXFAM-GB Oxfam Great Britain PCWG Protection Cluster Working Group PLWHIV people living with HIV RC/RC Resident Coordinator/ Humanitarian Coordinator RRU Relief and Recovery Unit SADEC The Southern African Development Community (SADC) SAFIRE Southern Alliance for Indigenous Resources SC Save the Children SGBV sexual and gender-based violence STERP Short Term Emergency Recovery Programme TB tuberculosis ToR Terms of Reference UN United Nations UNCG United Nations Communication Group UNCT United Nations Country Team UNDAF United Nations Development Assistance Framework UNDG United Nations Development Group UNDP United Nations Development Program UNDSS United Nations Department of Safety and Security USA United States of America WASH Water, sanitation and hygiene ZANU-PF Zimbabwe African National Union - Patriotic Front ZIMVAC Zimbabwe Vulnerability Assessment Committee ZRCS Zimbabwe Red Cross Society ZUNDAF Zimbabwe United Nations Development Assistance Framework 0. Introduction In connection with the PhD programme of the Research and Studies Institute in International and European Relations( IRERIE ), and further to the approval of the General Manager of the IRERIE, Dr. Bruno Hamard and the UNDP?s Country Director in Zimbabwe, Mrs. Christine Umutoni, I have undertaken a two months stage within UNDP Zimbabwe from September to end October 2010, under the supervision of Dr. Bernard Mtonga, Early Recovery Advisor to the UN Resident and Humanitarian Coordinator(RC/HC) in Zimbabwe. Considering the evolving socio-political and economic context in Zimbabwe and with regard to the humanitarian and early recovery challenges, needs, gaps and opportunities, the objective of my stage is focussed on identifying the existing coordination and funding mechanisms and strategies governing the humanitarian and early recovery responses in the country, through the desk review of the existing documentations, reports, meetings, workshops as well as discussion with the different key stakeholders involved in humanitarian and early recovery response in Zimbabwe, especially the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs(OCHA) and the United Nation Development Programme(UNDP) management and staffs. Operating in Zimbabwe since May, 27th, 19801., the United Nations Development Programme(UNDP) is supporting the Government of Zimbabwe to domestic and international dialogue that can help build consensus on Zimbabwe's challenges, strengthening the capacity of national institutions to deliver on MDGs, provide basic social services with particular attention to vulnerable groups and as well as Support to the transition to recovery and development . These three priority areas of intervention are translated into five specific programme outcomes, which also reflect UNDP's five practice areas of work as follow:
The institutional coordination mechanism supporting the humanitarian and early recovery coordination function in Zimbabwe went through a significant reform in 2004. The (RRU), a joint UNDP/OCHA structure under the operational management of UNDP, originally supported the UNCT?s humanitarian coordination function from 2000. However, at the request of the Government in 2002, the RRU was replaced by a smaller UNDP/OCHA structure with a more modest mandate, the Humanitarian Support Team (HST). The main focus of the HST was coordination for humanitarian response, information management and resource mobilization for humanitarian programs. Both the RRU and HST coordinated the preparation and reviewed the Consolidated Appeals with a common Humanitarian Action Plan that provided a coherent strategy for humanitarian stakeholders to work collaboratively in the various sectors. In addition the RRU/HST continued to monitor the humanitarian context in the country as well as the levels of funding to each of the priority sectors, and produced reports to the Government on the donor response. From 2005, Zimbabwe continued to face tremendous challenges, i.e. rapid decline in public institutional capacity for social services delivery, food insecurity and HIV and AIDS etc... and additional challenges emanating from the country?s policy actions have led to differences with her international partners and resulted in widening and deepening vulnerabilities. To reinforce humanitarian and early recovery coordination and funding mechanisms and advocacy, the United Nations Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) officially opened its office in Zimbabwe in January 2006 with the aim of coordinating effective and principled humanitarian actions in the country. 1 Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Zimbabwe and the UNDP signed on May 27th 1980 by Mr S.V.MUZENDA,the Deputy Primer Minister and the Minister of Foreign Affairs on behalf of the Government of Zimbabwe and the UNDP?s Assistant Administrator and Regional Director for Africa, Michel Doo Kingue
Through coordination and funding mechanisms, OCHA and UNDP Zimbabwe are currently assisting the Humanitarian and Early recovery stakeholders to alleviate the human suffering caused by food insecurity, HIV/AIDS, epidemics (cholera, measles, etc..), rapid decline in social services; as well as to promote the preparedness and prevention efforts to reduce future vulnerability to natural disasters; advocating for the rights of people in need; and facilitating sustainable solutions to address root causes and to pave the way for durable development. 1. Context Analysis 1.1 General context Zimbabwe and formerly Southern Rhodesia, is a landlocked country located in the southern part of the continent of Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers. It is bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the southwest, Zambia to the northwest and Mozambique to the east as shown in the map below. Source: www.zimbabwe-help.ie/links.html 8 Zimbabwe has a centralized government and is divided into eight provinces and two cities with provincial status, for administrative purposes. Each province has a provincial capital from where official business is usually carried out. Zimbabwe's total population is around 12 million23 .According to the United Nations World Health Organization, the life expectancy for men is 37 years and the life expectancy for women is 34 years of age, the lowest in the world in 20064 and Mineral exports, agriculture, and tourism are the main foreign currency earners of Zimbabwe. Based on the census 2002 report and CSO 2010 updated projections, the Composition of Population Above and below 19 years of age (CSO Projection 2010, 12.3 Million) is illustrated is the following matrix and chart.
Zimbabwe maintained positive economic growth throughout the 1980s (5.0% GDP growth per year) and 1990s (4.3% GDP growth per year). However, the economy declined from 2000: 5% decline in 2000, 8% in 2001, 12% in 2002 and 18% in 20035 The Economy of Zimbabwe is agro-based ,generally rain dependent ,subsistence farming, and largely rural with limited arable land; exposed to various types of natural, epidemiological and human induced hazards which have occurred with increasing frequency in the last decade. Zimbabweans, particularly the poor, are vulnerable to shocks and hazards such as floods, droughts, epidemics, and population displacements that are due to natural or human induced emergencies6. 2 "Zimbabwe". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 2008-05-15. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook/geos/zi.html. Retrieved 2008-05-26. 3 See also http://ochaonline.un.org/humanitarianappeal/webpage.asp?Page=1883 4 Paul Lewis and agencies (2009-01-16). "Zimbabwe unveils 100 trillion dollar banknote | World news | guardian.co.uk". London: Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/jan/16/zimbabwe-hyper-inflation-mugabe-tsvangirai. Retrieved 2010-03-28. 5 Richardson, C.J. 2005. The loss of property rights and the collapse of Zimbabwe. Cato Journal, 25, 541-565. 6 UNOCHA, Zimbabwe Interagency Contingency Plan,june,2010,p.1 Following political changes over the past three years that have had positive effects on the socio-economic situation, Zimbabwe is gradually emerging out of the humanitarian crisis. An Inclusive Government was formed in February 2009, after the signing of the Global Political Agreement (GPA) between the (ZANU-PF) and the two formations of Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) in September 2008. This led to improved humanitarian access to vulnerable populations and greater engagement of the Government of Zimbabwe. Improved coordination across clusters as a result of deployment of experienced cluster coordinators significantly enhanced the effectiveness and timeliness of humanitarian and early recovery response, especially during the cholera response in 2008/2009. The clusters that have been so far rolled out in Zimbabwe are Agriculture, Health, Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH), Education, Nutrition, Protection, Early Recovery, Logistics and Food aid (Working Group). However, these clusters are largely concentrated at the national level and do not have active presence outside Harare. Similarly, the coordination system between the clusters and the Civil Protection Unit (the government arm responsible for Zimbabwe disaster response) is weak. |
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