Table of content
Abstract i
Acknowledgement ii
Table of Content iii
List of figures v
List of tables viii
Glossary ix
Chapter 1 Introduction to thesis page 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Research questions 3
1.3 Objectives 4
1.4 Methodology 4
1.5 Structure of thesis 7
1.6 Data sources 7
1.7 Key assumption 7
1.8 Choice of performance measures 8
1.9 Summary 9
Chapter 2 ASECNA's region Air Transport Industry
10
2.1 Economic characteristics 11
2.2 Transport infrastructure 13
2.2.1 Roads 13
2.2.2 Railways 13
2.2.3 Ports 14
2.3 Air Transport Industry 14
2.3.1 Airport Infrastructure 15
2.3.2 Airlines 16
2.3.3 Fleet 17
2.4 Regulatory 25
2.5 Air Travel Demand 26
2.6 Conclusion 32
Chapter 3 Air navigation Performance Review
34
3.1 Introduction 34
3.2 Airspace organization 34
3.2.1 Description of ASECNA's strategy 34
3.2.2 Fragmentation 36
3.3 Traffic 38
3.3.1 Airport activity 38
3.3.2 En-route traffic 40
3.4 Delays 44
3.5 Impact of future trends 44
3.5.1 Prospects 44
3.5.2 Impact on runway capacity 45
3.5.3 Impact on en-route capacity 46
3.6 Traffic complexity 47
3.7 Safety 48
3.7.1 Air Proximities 48
3.7.2 Users' claims 49
3.7.3 Birdstrikes 49
3.7.4 Safety Review System 50
3.8 Efficiency 50
3.8.1 Flight efficiency 50
3.8.2 Fuel efficiency 51
3.9 Cost effectiveness 54
3.9.1 Navigation charges 54
3.9.2 Air Navigation Costs 55
3.10 Cooperation 57
3.11 Training 59
3.12 Financing 59
3.13 CNS and Aviation weather management issues
60
3.13.1 Shortcomings of conventional systems 60
3.13.2 ASECNA's systems' performance 64
3.15 Conclusion 69
Chapter 4 CNS/ATM systems and concepts 70
4.1 Introduction 70
4.2 Suitable CNS/ATM systems for ASECNA 72
4.2.1 Geographic characteristics 72
4.2.2 Efficiency 72
4.2.3 Capacity for Safety 73
4.2.4 Surveillance 73
4.3 Study of selected systems 73
4.3.1 Communications 73
4.3.2 Navigation 83
4.3.3 Surveillance 92
4.3.4 Air Traffic Management 97
4.4 Transition phase 98
4.6 Affordability 99
4.7 Conclusion 100
Chapter 5 Analysis of ASECNA's modernization strategy
102
5.1 Description of the strategy 102
5.1.1 Communications 102
5.1.2 Navigation 103
5.1.3 Surveillance 103
5.1.4 Systems on board the aircraft 105
5.1.5 Aviation weather 105
5.1.6 Air Traffic Management 106
5.1.7 Cooperation 107
5.1.8 Training 110
5.1.9 Financing 110
5.1.10 Implementation schedule up to 2015 112
5.2 Analysis 113
5.3 Conclusion 115
Chapter 6 Recommendations and Conclusion 117
References 122
Appendix 1 Presentation of ASECNA 126
Appendix 2: Ground Based Navigation Systems Principles
130
1 How the VOR works 130
2 How DME works 132
3 How ILS works 133
4 Multilateration 134
Appendix 3 WGS-1984 136
Appendix 4 ASECNA'S Telecommunications Network
137
Appendix 5 Air Traffic Projected Growth by world region
138
Appendix 6 ICAO's Navigation SARPs 139
Appendix 7 ASECNA's Satellite Navigation Circuits
140
Appendix 8 ASECNA'S ATS/Direct Speech Network
141
Appendix 9 CNS/ATM: Drivers and Origins 142
List of Figures
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 Short term evolution of crude oil 2
Figure 1.2 Analytical Framework of ASECNA's performance analysis
5
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 ASECNA area in this report 10
Figure 2.2 Share of population and GDP by country 12
Figure 2.3 Stakeholders 15
Figure 2.1 Repartition of Aircraft types in Africa 18
Figure 2.2 Intra African market Fleet (Jets + Turbo Propellers)
19
Figure 2.3 African fleet annual utilization 20
Figure 2.4 African fleet Evolution from 2003 to 2023 21
Figure 2.5 RPK, ASK (Billion) and Passengers load factors in
Africa 21
Figure 2.6 Trend in Aviation fuel cost 23
Figure 2.7 Yields and Unit costs in Key markets 23
Figure 2.8 African Airlines 1 Operating costs (Unit
cost $ per tonne per Km) 24
Figure 2.9 Regional share of global international air passenger
traffic 26
Figure 2.10 Evolution of passenger traffic (1994-2003) 27
Figure 2.11 Average Airport Passenger Traffic (2000-2004) 28
Figure 2.12 Evolution of Cargo traffic (1994-2003) 31
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 ASECNA's Flight Information Regions 37
Figure 3.2 Number of flights from 1993 to 2003 38
Figure 3.3 Number of aircraft movements at 15 key airports 39
Figure 3.4 Areas of Routing 41
Figure 3.5 Average number of flights controlled per hour and per
controller 43
Figure 3.6 Projected growth over the next decade 45
Figure 3.7 Projected runway occupancy in ASECNA's main airports
46
Figure 3.8 Projected controllers' productivity in 2015 47
Figure 3.9 Evolution of Air Proximities 48
1 Flight Equipment comprises maintenance, insurance, and rental.
The others operating expenses are not mentioned here. But it's interesting to
note that administration unit costs for non efficient airlines are extremely
high, almost twenty times higher than an efficient airline' unit costs.
Figure 3.10 Evolution of incidents during the last six years
49
Figure 3.11 Flight paths between Douala and Dakar 51
Figure 3.12 The different phases of a flight 52
Figure 3.13 Evolution of air navigation charges 54
Figure 3.14 Personnel, ANS and transport costs from 1996 to 2003
55
Figure 3.15 Evolution of the average cost per flight from 1996 to
2003 56
Figure 3.16 Evolution of en route revenues from 1996 to 2003
57
Figure 3.17 Regional fragmentation of ATM sectors 58
Figure 3.18 Financial results from 1994 to 2003 59
Figure 3.19 OPMET availability rate 68
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 Communication links in ASECNA 74
Figure 4.2 CPDLC test message 75
Figure 4.3 Estimated capacity gained as a function of % of CPDLC
equipage 76
Figure 4.4 Aeronautical telecommunications network concept 82
Figure 4.5 Comparison between EGNOS and GPS 85
Figure 4.6 Lateral and Vertical Total System Error 87
Figure 4.7 Comparison between RNAV, RNP and conventional
navigation 89
Figure 4.8 Atlanta SID trials: Non RNAV tracks 90
Figure 4.9 Atlanta SID trials: RNAV tracks 90
Figure 4.10 Projected RNP-RNAV capable aircraft 91
Figure 4.11 ADS-B operational capabilities 94
Figure 4.12 ADS-B performances Vs Radar 96
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 Classification of CNS/ATM expenditure 112
Figure 5.2 Possible Airspace redesign by 2030 115
Appendices
Statutory structure 128
External representations' organisation chart 129
VOR station 131
World Geodetic System 136
ASECNA's Telecommunication Network 137
ASECNA's Satellite connectivity 140
ASECNA's ATS/DS network 141
Evolution of CNS/ATM implementation 145
List of Tables
Table 2.1 Comparative GDP and Population 11
Table 2.2 Situation of aircraft operated in the world 19
Table 2.3 Daily passenger traffic between city pairs 29
Table 2.4 International traffic at major regional airports 30
Table 3.1 The main airstream in ASECNA 40
Table 3.2 Traffic by FIR 40
Table 3.3 Average traffic density from 2001 to 2003 42
Table 3.4 Average traffic density by 2015 46
Table 3.5 Average ANS cost per flight in Europe, ASECNA and the
USA 56
Table 3.6 Equipments availability 65
Table 3.7 Air circulation control: controlled routes 67
Table 4.1 Workload reduction as a function of aircraft equipage
77
Table 4.2 Delays reduction as function of aircraft equipage 77
Table 4.3 Results for lateral and vertical accuracy with EGNOS
87
Table 4.4 Results for availability during trials Vs ICAO's SARPs
87
Table 4.5 ICAO's SARPs for lateral and vertical accuracy 87
Glossary A
ACC Area Control Centre
ADS Automatic Dependent Surveillance
ADS-B Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast mode
ADS-C Automatic Dependent Surveillance Contract mode
AFI Africa Indian ocean area
AFS Aeronautical Fixed Service
AFTN Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network
AIS Aeronautical Information Service
AMS(R) S Aeronautical Mobile-Satellite (R) Service
AMHS Aeronautical Mobile Handling System
AMSS Aeronautical Mobile-Satellite Service
ANSP Air Navigation Service Provider
AOC Airline Operation Centre
APIRG AFI Planning and Implementation Regional Group
APV Approach with vertical guidance
AR Area of routing
ASECNA Agency for Security, Aerial Navigation in Africa and
Madagascar
ASM Airspace Management
ASK Available Seat Kilometre
ATC Air Traffic Control
ATFM Air Traffic Flow Management
ATM Air Traffic Management
ATN Aeronautical Telecommunication Network
ATS Air Traffic Services
ATS/DS Air Traffic Services Direct Speech
C
CDM Collaborative Decision Making
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
CFIT Controlled Flight Into Terrain
CNS/ATM Communications, Navigation, Surveillance / Air Traffic
Management
CPDLC Controller pilot data link communications
D
DECCA A low frequency hyperbolic radio navigation system
DFIS Data Link Flight Information Services
DME Distance Measuring Equipment
E
EGNOS Eurpean Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service
EUR European Region
EUROCAT Thales ATM (Commercial organisation) air traffic
management
automation product
F
FAF Final Approach Fix
FANS Future Air Navigation Systems
FIR Flight Information Region
FDPS Flight Data Processing System
FL Flight Level
FMS Flight Management System
G
GLONASS Global Orbiting Navigation Satellite System (Russian
Federation)
GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System
GPS Global Positioning System (United States)
H
HF High Frequency
HFDL High Frequency Data Link
I
IATA International Air Transport Association
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization
IFR Instrument Flight Rules
ILS Instrument Landing System
INS Inertial navigation system
ITU International Telecommunication Union
L
LORAN Long Range Air Navigation
M
MET Meteorological services for air navigation
METAR Aviation routine weather report
MLS Microwave Landing System
MODE S Mode Select
N
NDB Non-directional beacon
NOTAM Notice To Airmen
NPA Non-precision approach
NSE Navigation System Error
O
OPMET Operational Meteorology
P
PDN Paquet data Network
PIRG Planning and Implementation Regional Group
R
RIMS Ranging Integrity Monitoring Station
RNAV Area Navigation
RNP Required Navigation Performance
RPK Revenue Passenger Kilometre
RTK Revenue Tonne Kilometre
RVSM Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum
S
SAM South American Region
SARPs Standards and Recommended Practices
SAS Scandinavian Airways
SAT South Atlantic
SATCOM Satellite Communication
SBAS Satellite-based augmentation system
SID Standard Instrument Departure
SIGMET Significant Meteorological event
SIGWX Significant Weather
SITA Société Internationale de
Télécommunications Aéronautiques
SSR Secondary Surveillance Radar
T
TACAS Terminal Access Controller Access Control System
TACAN Tactical Air Navigation
TAF Terminal area forecast
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
TMA Terminal Manoeuvring Area
TSE Total System Error
V
VDL VHF Data Link
VFR Visual flight rules
VHF Very High Frequency
VOR VHF Omnidirectional Radio Range
W
WGS-84 World Geodetic Reference System 1984
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